Question 1 Describe the mechanism of membrane transport related to cellular intake and output. Discuss the impact of a pathological process, such as heart failure on hydrostatic pressure, and a pathologic process, such as starvation or liver failure on oncotic pressure.
Question 2 Discuss the functions and the mechanisms related to fluid balance that activate the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system (RAAS) and release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). Describe what processes would be triggered related to the RAAS and ADH when a patient experiences heart failure or a patient experiences a hypovolemic state from severe blood loss.
Question 3 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium pump on the propagation of an action potential. Describe the pathophysiologic impact of hyperkalemia on the action potential and the resulting clinical manifestations.
Question 4 Discuss the functions of calcium and magnesium. Explain the pathologic implications and clinical manifestations when calcium is too low (hypocalcemia), calcium is too high (hypercalcemia), magnesium is too low (hypomagnesemia), and magnesium is too high (hypermagnesemia).
Question 5 Compare the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and compensatory mechanisms of metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. In addition, include a discussion of the anion gap (normal and high) as it relates to metabolic acidosis.
