Write a narrative essay in which you address and discuss the question and statement; Compare and contrast the main characteristics of the three traditional eras of policing and note the time frame during which each existed.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
The Evolution of Policing: A Journey Through Three Traditional Eras
As I settled into my favorite armchair, a cup of tea steaming beside me, I found myself drawn into the rich history of law enforcement in America. The evolution of policing is a compelling story marked by significant changes in philosophy, practice, and societal expectations. It is a narrative that can be divided into three traditional eras: the Political Era, the Reform Era, and the Community Era. Each of these periods has distinct characteristics, shaped by the unique challenges and values of their times.
The Political Era (1840s – 1930s)
The journey begins in the mid-19th century with the Political Era, which lasted from the 1840s to the 1930s. This period was characterized by a close relationship between law enforcement and local politicians. Police departments were often created as extensions of political power, and officers were frequently appointed based on their political connections rather than their qualifications or training.
In this era, policing was informal and community-oriented but also rife with corruption. Officers were expected to maintain order and serve the interests of their political patrons, which often led to favoritism and abuse of power. The police were heavily involved in local politics, sometimes acting as enforcers for political machines.
Despite its challenges, the Political Era emphasized community engagement. Officers walked beats in neighborhoods, fostering relationships with residents. This local presence was crucial, as communities relied on police for various tasks beyond crime control, including social services and public health initiatives. However, this close relationship with politics made it difficult for law enforcement to operate independently or uphold justice impartially.
The Reform Era (1930s – 1980s)
Transitioning into the Reform Era, which spanned from the 1930s to the 1980s, marked a significant shift in policing philosophy. This period emerged in response to the widespread corruption and inefficiency of the Political Era. Reformers advocated for a more professional approach to policing, emphasizing accountability, training, and a clear separation between police and politics.
The establishment of police academies and training programs became central to this era. Law enforcement agencies sought to adopt scientific methods to combat crime, leading to innovations such as criminalistics, forensic science, and improved investigative techniques. The mantra of this era was “crime control,” with an emphasis on efficiency and effectiveness.
While the Reform Era brought about significant advancements in policing techniques and professionalism, it also introduced a more authoritarian approach. Officers often became more distant from the communities they served, focusing primarily on law enforcement rather than community relations. The emphasis on crime statistics and rapid response sometimes led to a reactive policing model that failed to address underlying social issues.
The Community Era (1980s – Present)
As I continued my exploration of policing history, I arrived at the Community Era, which began in the 1980s and continues to evolve today. This era emerged in recognition of the shortcomings of the Reform Era. It marked a return to community engagement and collaboration between law enforcement and citizens.
The Community Era emphasizes proactive policing strategies designed to prevent crime through community involvement. Police departments began to prioritize building trust and partnerships with community members, recognizing that effective policing requires collaboration with those they serve. Community-oriented policing initiatives encourage officers to work closely with residents to identify problems and develop solutions together.
This era also highlights the importance of addressing social issues contributing to crime, such as poverty, drug addiction, and lack of education. By adopting a holistic approach to public safety, law enforcement agencies strive to create safer neighborhoods while fostering positive relationships with citizens.
Comparing and Contrasting the Eras
As I reflected on these three distinct eras of policing, several key differences and similarities emerged.
Key Characteristics:
1. Political Connections:
– Political Era: Policing was heavily influenced by local politics; officers were often appointed based on political affiliation.
– Reform Era: A push for professionalism led to a separation from political influences; emphasis on accountability.
– Community Era: While still affected by politics, there is a focus on community engagement rather than political favoritism.
2. Approach to Crime:
– Political Era: Law enforcement served multiple roles beyond crime control; community relations were essential but often corrupt.
– Reform Era: A strict focus on crime control and efficiency; increased use of technology and scientific methods.
– Community Era: Proactive strategies aimed at preventing crime through community collaboration; addressing social issues contributing to crime.
3. Relationship with Communities:
– Political Era: Close ties with communities but often exploitative; officers were seen as part of the local fabric.
– Reform Era: Distant relationship; officers viewed more as enforcers than community partners.
– Community Era: Emphasis on partnership; police viewed as allies in creating public safety.
Conclusion: The Ongoing Journey
As I concluded my exploration of these historical eras, I realized that while each has contributed uniquely to the evolution of American policing, challenges remain. The complexities of societal expectations continue to shape law enforcement practices today.
The journey through these three traditional eras reveals a pattern of growth and adaptation within policing. The lessons learned from the Political, Reform, and Community Eras serve as vital reminders of the importance of balancing accountability with community engagement.
As I sipped my tea, I felt a renewed sense of hope that understanding this history could pave the way for future innovations in policing—ones that truly prioritize justice, collaboration, and the well-being of communities across America.
