Write a double-spaced, 2-3-page response paper using Word, Times New Roman, and 12-point font that advances the above, highlighted course learning outcome while responding to lectures and assigned reading from Week 4 (see the syllabus), at your discretion. This means that you will have to use your judgement when selecting which articles and chapters you write about, and that do not need to write about all of them. Make your own decision.

As far as the above learning outcomes go, it remains implicit in this assignment that you will necessarily cover outcomes 2, 3, and 5. In this particular paper, you must focus outcome 4, highlighted above.

Respond to these questions: What were the origins and nature of the political systems that appeared in the Americas in the nineteenth century? What kind of systems were they (kingdoms, aristocracies, dictatorships, other)? Be specific, cite cases or examples, and get into the details and vocabulary of the lectures and assigned reading.

This remains a thinking-oriented paper that requires you to put this information together in a way that makes sense to you and then explain it to me. Do not recite or merely summarize. I want to know what you have learned and what you think about it.

The material that should be used

Lectures note :

  1. Spanish colonial institutions
  2. Columbian Exchange
  3. Transatlantic politics, communications, and trade, 1500- 1800.
  4. The Atlantic revolutions and Latin American independence
  5. Time of Troubles: The Americas in the Nineteenth Century
  6. The United States, the Open Door, and Pan-Americanism into the twentieth century
    Readings :
  7. Jared Diamond, “Hemispheres Colliding.” From Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies [1997], Rev. ed. (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005), 354-375.
  8. Philip Curtin, “The North American Fur Trade.” From Philip Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade in World History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 207-229.
  9. William Beezley, Mexico in World History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 38-55
  10. James Lockhart, “Chilean Expansion and Southern South America’s Integration into the Modern Capitalist System, 1879-1931.” From Sabrina Joseph, ed., Commodity Frontiers and Global Capitalist Expansion: Social, Ecological and Political Implications from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 183-214
  11. James McPherson, “Mexico Will Poison Us.” From James McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 47-77.
  12. Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, “The Open Door and the First International Rules, Or, How the United States Chose Another Way, 1900-1920.” From Elizabeth Cobbs Hoffman, American Umpire (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013), 179-208.
    Videos :
  13. Marie Arana’s Ted Talk, “The Impact of Simón Bolívar (2014),” at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reFr06PGB3c

Sample Solution

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.

God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

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