The Ethical and Social Implications of Testing
Provide an overview and brief evaluation of the ethical and social implications of psychological assessment.
Professional Responsibilities
Describe the responsibilities of both test publishers and test users.
Testing Individuals Representing Cultural and Linguistic
Diversity Analyze and describe issues related to the testing of cultural and linguistic minorities.
Reliability
Explain the common sources of measurement error and how measurement error can impact reliability.
Validity
Describe the extra validity concerns related to testing.
Review the articles by Fergus (2013), Kosson, et al. (2013) and Mathieu, Hare, Jones, Babiak, & Neumann (2013).
Analyze the information presented in these articles on factor analysis and describe how it is used to validate the constructs of the instruments.
Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction
Compare clinical and statistical prediction of mental health decisions based on the work of Ægisdóttir, et al. (2006) and Grove & Lloyd (2006).
Application Two:
Evidence-Based Medicine Summarize Youngstrom’s (2013) recommendations for linking assessment directly to clinical decision-making in evidence-based medicine.
Elaborate on each of Youngstrom’s recommendations by providing practical examples that illustrate the relevance of the recommendations in a clinical setting.
Application Three:
Selecting Valid Instruments Create a research hypothesis or brief clinical case scenario in which you must select an instrument to measure intolerance for uncertainty.
Use the information in the Fergus (2013) article to support which measure to use. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index?item=12

 

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.

God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

Sample Solution

Psychological assessment is a complex and multifaceted process that has a number of ethical and social implications.

Sample Solution

Psychological assessment is a complex and multifaceted process that has a number of ethical and social implications.

Psychological assessment is a complex and multifaceted process that has a number of ethical and social implications.

Professional Responsibilities

Both test publishers and test users have ethical responsibilities when it comes to psychological assessment. Test publishers are responsible for developing and validating tests that are reliable and valid. They must also provide clear and accurate information about the tests to potential users. Test users are responsible for using tests in a responsible and ethical manner. They must be familiar with the limitations of tests and must use them only for their intended purposes.

Testing Individuals Representing Cultural and Linguistic Diversity

When testing individuals from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds, it is important to be aware of the potential for bias. Tests may be biased in terms of the content, language, or administration procedures. It is important to select tests that are appropriate for the specific cultural group being tested.

Reliability

Reliability refers to the consistency of test scores. A reliable test will produce similar scores over repeated administrations. There are a number of factors that can affect reliability, including the length of the test, the difficulty of the items, and the scoring procedures.

Validity

Validity refers to the accuracy of test scores. A valid test will measure what it is supposed to measure. There are a number of different types of validity, including content validity, criterion validity, and construct validity.

Extra Validity Concerns

In addition to reliability and validity, there are a number of other factors that can affect the interpretation of test scores. These are known as extra validity concerns. Some of the most important extra validity concerns include:

  • Bias: Tests can be biased against certain groups of people, such as those from different cultural or linguistic backgrounds.
  • Stereotype threat: The fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one’s group can lead to lower test scores.
  • Response styles: People may respond to tests in a way that is not consistent with their true abilities or attitudes.

Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction

Clinical prediction refers to the use of professional judgment to make decisions about mental health. Statistical prediction refers to the use of statistical methods to make decisions about mental health. There is a debate about the relative merits of clinical and statistical prediction. Some experts believe that clinical prediction is more accurate, while others believe that statistical prediction is more accurate.

Application Two: Evidence-Based Medicine

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is an approach to medical practice that integrates the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values. EBM has been increasingly applied to psychological assessment. Youngstrom (2013) has made a number of recommendations for linking assessment directly to clinical decision-making in EBM. These recommendations include:

  • Using standardized assessment instruments that have been validated for the specific clinical decision being made.
  • Using statistical methods to combine the results of multiple assessments.
  • Integrating the results of assessments with clinical expertise and patient values.

Application Three: Selecting Valid Instruments

When selecting an instrument to measure a particular construct, it is important to consider the following factors:

  • The purpose of the assessment.
  • The psychometric properties of the instrument.
  • The cultural and linguistic appropriateness of the instrument.
  • The availability of training and support for the instrument.

In the case of intolerance for uncertainty, Fergus (2013) recommends using the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS). The IUS is a well-validated instrument that has been used in a variety of clinical settings.

In conclusion, psychological assessment is a complex and multifaceted process that has a number of ethical and social implications. It is important to be aware of these implications when conducting psychological assessments.

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