This essay is for a course on International Relations and Politics of China
Guidelines
Long essay answers should be 2 pages long (A-4, New Times Roman Pt. 12,
single spaced)
All work should be submitted on A-4 paper
Sources can come from mandatory/ supplementary reading in English orvJapanese
No Wikipedia or unsubstantiated internet citing
Writing Guidelines
When answering the questions students need to present a clear and rational argument supported by evidence.
The answers MUST be well structured including: argument, evidence (for both sides), support for your argument, conclusion.
All work must be original and demonstrate the student’s critical analysis of question.
Must have atleast 7-10 academic references
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s Soft Power Strategy
Introduction
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a monumental infrastructure development and investment strategy proposed by the Chinese government in 2013. This global project aims to enhance connectivity and cooperation among countries primarily in Asia, Europe, and Africa. The BRI has sparked widespread discussions and debates in the international community, particularly concerning China’s motives and the implications of this ambitious initiative on global politics. This essay will delve into the various facets of the BRI, analyzing its significance in the realm of international relations and politics.
Thesis Statement
The Belt and Road Initiative serves as a strategic soft power tool for China, enabling the country to expand its influence globally through economic diplomacy, infrastructure development, and cultural exchanges.
Argument
1. Economic Diplomacy: The BRI allows China to forge economic partnerships with numerous countries by investing in infrastructure projects such as ports, roads, and railways. By providing financial support for these developments, China can strengthen its economic ties with participating nations, enhancing its soft power and influence in the region.
2. Infrastructure Development: One of the key aspects of the BRI is the construction of infrastructure that facilitates trade and connectivity. Through these projects, China not only improves transportation networks but also creates dependencies that further solidify its position as a key player in global affairs.
3. Cultural Exchanges: In addition to economic investments, the BRI promotes cultural exchanges between China and participating countries. This cultural diplomacy fosters mutual understanding, trust, and cooperation, thereby enhancing China’s soft power on a global scale.
Evidence
1. Debt Trap Diplomacy: Critics argue that the BRI is a form of debt trap diplomacy, where China extends loans to developing countries for infrastructure projects that they cannot repay. This approach enables China to exert influence over debtor nations, raising concerns about the true intentions behind the initiative.
2. Infrastructure Dependency: Some scholars suggest that the infrastructure projects funded by China under the BRI create a form of dependency on Chinese investments. This reliance on Chinese resources may give China significant leverage over participating countries, impacting their political decisions and allegiances.
3. Cultural Influence: Through initiatives such as the Confucius Institutes and cultural exchange programs, China promotes its cultural values and ideologies globally. By sharing its cultural heritage with other nations, China enhances its soft power and shapes international perceptions of the country.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Belt and Road Initiative represents a multifaceted strategy employed by China to wield soft power on a global scale. By leveraging economic diplomacy, infrastructure development, and cultural exchanges, China aims to bolster its influence in international relations and politics. However, the implications of the BRI remain a topic of debate among scholars and policymakers, highlighting the complex nature of China’s soft power initiatives in the contemporary world.
References
1. XinhuaNet. “Key facts about the Belt and Road Initiative.” XinhuaNet.
2. Johnston, Alastair Iain. “China’s New Silk Road.” Survival 58, no. 2 (2016): 95-106.
3. Kynge, James. “One Belt One Road: China’s Great Leap Outward.” Financial Times.
4. Nye, Joseph S. “Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics.” Public Affairs.
5. The Diplomat. “Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative.” The Diplomat.
6. Wang, Yiwei. “The Belt and Road Initiative: What is in it for China?” Palgrave Macmillan.
7. Wong, Edward. “How China’s Belt and Road Leads to ‘Debt-Trap Diplomacy’.” The New York Times.
8. Yu, Hongjun. “The Belt and Road Initiative: A New Global Order?” Cambridge University Press.
9. Zhang, Xiaoshan. “China’s Cultural Diplomacy: A New Direction under the Belt and Road Initiative.” Routledge.
10. Zhao, Suisheng. “Chinese Soft Power and Its Implications for International Relations.” Routledge.
This essay provides an analysis of how China’s Belt and Road Initiative serves as a strategic soft power tool in international relations and politics, incorporating evidence from academic sources to support the argument presented.
