- Philosophical skepticism claims that nothing exists
- Epistemology does not consider skepticism as a legitimate theory because skepticism claims that we can never be completely justified in our beliefs
- Epistemology is the philosophical discipline that investigates the nature of knowledge
- Historically, naive realism has been very popular among philosophers
- Skeptics generally accept that experience and sense perception are reliable sources of knowledge about the external world
- Global skeptics believe that things do not exist
- Philosophers interested in epistemology generally answer the question “What is knowledge” by looking for a definition of knowledge that is constituted by a set of necessary condition that are jointly sufficient。
- Knowledge and belief are one and the same thing
- The burden of the proof tells us that we should take what others say at face value
- The impossibility to prove something allows to accept the truth of its negation
- Which of the following Is not a necessary characteristic for saying that John knows that the sun is a star？
a. It must be, in fact true that the sun is a star.
b. John must know that planet Earth revolves around the sun
C. John must be able to give a reason or justification for thinking that the sun is a star
d. John must believe that the sun is a star
- To say that you know that there is life on mars necessarily implies that you believe that there is life on Mars, that you have a justification for your belief and that：
a. it is actually true that there is life on mars
b. you can trust your senses when you see extraterrestrial life forms
c. Martians are green
d. you have experienced life on Mars personally
- In order for me to know that fishes swim it must be true that fishes do swim because
a. whenever I claim to know something, I have to rely on my first-hand experience
b. I have never seen a fish flying
c. if it were not the case that fish swim then i would know that which is not true, which is logically problematic
d. i have read it in a biology book
- Faith offers good rational ground to accept a claim
- At the beginning of the Matrix, Morpheus knows that Neo is the One
- While eating the steak, Cypher is aware that his perceptions are an illusion induced by the matrix
- Doxastic voluntarism is the view that we should doubt the reliability of our sense
- Pascal provides ontological reasons to believe in god
- According to intellectualist, prudential reasons are not enough to believe in something
- Clifford thinks that considerations about a favorable outcome should convince in believing somethings
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