Neorealist and English School Approaches in International Politics

 

Neorealist and English School Approaches in International Politics

In the realm of international politics, different theoretical perspectives provide insights into the behavior of states, the role of great powers, the concept of balance of power, and the occurrence of war. Two prominent theories, neorealism and the English School of international relations, present contrasting views on these key aspects. This essay will compare and contrast the neorealist and English School approaches to the role of great powers, the balance of power, and war in international politics.

Neorealism

Neorealism, also known as structural realism, focuses on the anarchic nature of the international system. According to neorealists like Kenneth Waltz, states exist in a self-help system where the primary goal is to ensure their survival in a competitive environment. Great powers play a central role in neorealist theory, as they are seen as the main actors shaping the international system. The distribution of power among states determines the structure of the system, with a particular emphasis on the bipolar or multipolar distribution of power.

In terms of the balance of power, neorealists argue that states seek to maintain a balance of power to prevent any single state from dominating the system. This balance can lead to stability and deter aggression from other states. However, neorealists also acknowledge the inevitability of conflicts and wars in international politics due to the lack of a central authority to enforce rules and resolve disputes among states.

English School

In contrast, the English School of international relations takes a more nuanced approach to understanding world politics. The English School emphasizes the importance of both order and justice in international society. Unlike neorealism, which focuses on power dynamics, the English School highlights shared norms, values, and institutions that shape state behavior and interactions.

Great powers are viewed not only as agents of power but also as upholders of international norms and order in the English School approach. These powers have a responsibility to contribute to the maintenance of a just and stable international system. The concept of balance of power is also present in the English School, but it is seen as one element among many that contribute to international order.

Regarding war, the English School argues that conflicts are not solely determined by power politics but can also stem from normative disagreements and clashes of civilizations. The emphasis on dialogue, diplomacy, and international law distinguishes the English School from neorealism in its approach to managing conflicts and preventing wars.

Comparison and Contrast

In comparing neorealism and the English School on the role of great powers, balance of power, and war in international politics, several key differences emerge. Neorealism highlights power as the primary factor shaping state behavior, while the English School emphasizes norms and values as essential components of international relations. Neorealism sees great powers as key actors in maintaining power balances, whereas the English School views them as contributors to a just international order.

Furthermore, while neorealism focuses on the inevitability of conflicts due to anarchy in the system, the English School offers a more optimistic view by emphasizing dialogue and diplomacy as tools for conflict resolution. Both theories provide valuable insights into international politics, but their contrasting perspectives offer a rich tapestry of ideas for understanding the complexities of global affairs.

In conclusion, neorealism and the English School offer distinct lenses through which to analyze the role of great powers, balance of power dynamics, and the occurrence of war in international politics. By engaging with these theories, scholars and policymakers can gain deeper insights into the complexities of global interactions and work towards creating a more stable and just international system.