The difference between statistics and parameters.

by | Jan 31, 2022 | Statistics

Questions

  1. Identify the following statements as descriptive or inferential and
    justify your response.
    a. Based on the opinions of my one of my classes, UCR students
    are evenly split between wanting to do online vs. face-to-face
    classes
    b. The Department of Agriculture anticipated an increase of 8% in
    orange production this year.
    c. On the basis of a sample of 1,000 respondents, it appears that
    56% of the population opposes providing aid to foreign nations.
    d. Results of a study suggest that women are more empathetic
    than men.
    e. As of the first day of class this quarter, the Department of Psychology had 2,112 majors.
    psyc 011 midterm 1 2
    f. The average teaching load for faculty in the Department of Psychology is 5 1/3 units per quarter.
    g. A poll of 800 likely voters predicted Mayor Patricia Lock Dawson would earn 58% of the votes if she runs for Mayor of Riverside again.
  2. Explain the difference between statistics and parameters.
  3. Which scale of measurement is being described? “8 means simply
    more than 6; the difference between 8 and 6 may not be same as
    the difference between 4 and 2”
    a. nominal
    b. ordinal
    c. interval
    d. ratio
  4. What level of measurement is used when students are asked their
    major, and the count for each major is displayed?
    a. nominal
    b. ordinal
    c. ratio
    d. interval
  5. Arrange the following scores into a simple frequency distribution.
    Construct a histogram. Describe the shape of the distribution. Here
    are the scores:
    21, 18, 19, 21, 21, 19, 18, 18, 22, 21, 19, 19, 19, 18, 22, 21, 18, 20,
    24, 18, 19, 19, 16, 20, 17
  6. When you compute a mean, how do you know whether you are
    computing the parameter µ or the statistic X?
  7. If a distribution has a mean X = 30 and its median = 25, is it
    likely to be positively skewed, negatively skewed, or symmetrical?
  8. Find the mean, median, and mode for the sample frequency distribution.
    X f
    35 1
    34 3
    33 2
    32 2
    31 1
    30 3
    psyc 011 midterm 1 3
    X f
    29 4
    27 1
    26 2
    24 1
    23 1
  9. Explain the differences between the standard deviation of a population, the standard deviation of a sample used to estimate a population standard deviation, and the standard deviation used to describe
    a sample. Which symbol matches each kind of standard deviation
    (S, σ, sˆ)?
  10. For the following distribution, compute the standard deviation S.
    10, 24, 25, 19
  11. The following scores were taken from a larger distribution with
    X = 50, and S = 10. Compute the z score for each score.
    67, 50, 40, 42
  12. Construct a boxplot for a distribution with the following characteristics: mean = 12; median = 17; 25th percentile = 10; 75th
    percentile = 18; lowest score = 7; highest score = 23. Describe
    the form of the distribution. What would be the lower and upper
    boundaries for outliers?

Sample Solution.

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

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