Arguments have been made, from both the Left and the Right, that city politics is now largely determined by the need to promote capital accumulation, e.g., the city as a growth machine. Why is this so? Who are the main proponents of this position and what is the reasoning underlying their arguments? How has the focus of urban politics shifted with the increased emphasis on attracting investment? What roles do capital mobility and local dependence play in debates over growth and the groups that are likely to get involved in urban politics? How do the dynamics of a capitalist economy shape the nature of urban politics? How have multi-scalar governance structures shifted under neoliberalism and how has this re-scaling affected urban politics? What are the main critiques of the notion that cities must always act as growth machines?
What does regime theory have to say about this? Under what conditions might urban politics deviate from a focus on growth? Discuss some possible alternatives to the politics of growth and comp
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
The Capitalist Influence on Urban Politics: The City as a Growth Machine
In contemporary urban politics, a prevailing argument asserts that the primary objective of city governance is to promote capital accumulation, framing the city as a “growth machine.” This perspective transcends traditional political divides, with proponents from both the Left and the Right advocating for policies that prioritize economic growth and investment attraction. Understanding why this emphasis on capital accumulation dominates urban politics, who advocates for this position, and the implications for urban governance is essential to grasp the dynamics of modern city development.
Why the Emphasis on Capital Accumulation?
1. Economic Imperatives
The globalization of markets and the rise of neoliberal economic policies have heightened competition among cities to attract investment and foster economic growth. In a capitalist system, cities must demonstrate their economic viability to attract businesses, create jobs, and generate revenue through taxes.
2. Power Dynamics
Proponents of the growth machine theory argue that urban elites, including business leaders, developers, and politicians, wield significant influence in shaping urban agendas. This concentration of power often prioritizes economic development over social welfare or environmental sustainability, reinforcing the focus on capital accumulation.
Main Proponents and Their Arguments
1. Neoliberal Economists
Neoliberal economists advocate for free-market principles and limited government intervention in economic affairs. They argue that fostering a business-friendly environment, reducing regulations, and offering incentives to corporations are essential for stimulating economic growth and prosperity in cities.
2. Real Estate Developers
Real estate developers play a pivotal role in urban growth and often push for policies that facilitate property development and gentrification. By promoting large-scale projects and urban renewal initiatives, developers aim to capitalize on rising property values and attract affluent residents to urban areas.
Shift in Urban Politics and Governance Structures
1. Capital Mobility
The ability of capital to move freely across borders has transformed urban politics, as cities now compete globally for investment opportunities. This has led to a shift in focus towards policies that enhance competitiveness, such as infrastructure development, tax incentives, and business-friendly regulations.
2. Local Dependence
Cities reliant on specific industries or corporate investments may prioritize catering to the needs of these stakeholders to maintain economic stability. This dependency can limit policy options and constrain the ability of local governments to address broader social issues or pursue alternative development strategies.
Critiques of the Growth Machine Model
Critics of the growth machine model argue that an exclusive focus on economic growth may exacerbate inequality, displace marginalized communities, and neglect social welfare concerns. They contend that sustainable urban development should prioritize equity, environmental sustainability, and community well-being over unchecked growth driven by profit motives.
Regime Theory and Alternatives to Growth-Oriented Politics
Regime theory suggests that urban politics is shaped by coalitions of actors with shared interests seeking to maintain power and influence. Under certain conditions, such as strong community organizing, grassroots movements, or progressive leadership, urban politics can deviate from a singular focus on growth towards more inclusive and sustainable development strategies.
Possible alternatives to growth-centric urban politics include investing in affordable housing, promoting public transportation and green infrastructure, supporting local businesses and cooperatives, and prioritizing social services and community empowerment over profit-driven development projects.
In conclusion, while the dominance of the growth machine model in urban politics reflects the imperatives of capitalist economies and globalized markets, there exist opportunities for cities to adopt more equitable, sustainable, and community-centered approaches to governance. By reimagining urban development beyond mere capital accumulation, cities can strive towards creating inclusive, resilient, and livable environments for all residents.
