Write a Cancer Review paper covering the recommended topic related to current cancer research.
Cancer Review Recommended Topic:
Cancer immunotherapies
Galluzzi L, Chan TA, Kroemer G, Wolchok JD, López-Soto A. The hallmarks of successful anticancer immunotherapy. Sci Transl Med. 2018 Sep 19;10(459). pii: eaat7807. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat7807. Review. PubMed PMID: 30232229.
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Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
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Cancer Review Paper: Advancements in Cancer Immunotherapies
Introduction
Cancer immunotherapies have revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment by harnessing the body’s immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. The review article by Galluzzi et al. (2018), titled “The hallmarks of successful anticancer immunotherapy,” delves into the key characteristics that underlie effective immunotherapeutic approaches. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on cancer immunotherapies, identify gaps in knowledge, and formulate a focused research question to address these gaps.
Literature Review
Immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cell therapies, and cancer vaccines, have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in a subset of cancer patients across various malignancies. These therapies work by activating the immune system to recognize and destroy tumor cells, leading to durable responses and improved survival outcomes. Key advancements in cancer immunotherapy include the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoints like PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, as well as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies for hematologic malignancies.
Gaps in Knowledge
Despite the successes of cancer immunotherapies, several challenges and gaps in knowledge persist. These include identifying predictive biomarkers to stratify patient responses, understanding resistance mechanisms to immunotherapies, optimizing combination strategies to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity, and expanding the applicability of immunotherapies to a broader range of cancer types and patient populations.
Research Question
Research Question: How can we enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies by elucidating predictive biomarkers for patient selection and developing rational combination strategies to overcome resistance mechanisms?
PICO Statement:
– Population: Patients with various cancer types eligible for immunotherapy
– Intervention: Identification of predictive biomarkers and development of combination immunotherapy regimens
– Comparison: Standard immunotherapy approaches or monotherapy
– Outcome: Improved response rates, prolonged overall survival, reduced toxicity, and enhanced durability of responses
Conclusion
In conclusion, cancer immunotherapies have emerged as a promising treatment modality in oncology, offering durable responses and improved survival outcomes for select patients. By addressing the gaps in knowledge surrounding predictive biomarkers, resistance mechanisms, and combination strategies, researchers can optimize the efficacy and applicability of immunotherapies across a broader spectrum of cancers. Through continued research and clinical trials focused on personalized immunotherapy approaches, we can further advance the field of cancer immunotherapy and improve outcomes for patients with diverse malignancies.
