Genetically Modified White Blood Cells in Melanoma Treatment

by | May 24, 2024 | biology

Melanoma treatment. A study by Morgan and coworkers used genetically modified white blood cells to
treat patients with melanoma who had not responded to standard treatments. In patients in whom the cells
were cultured ex vivo for an extended period of time (cohort 1), the cell doubling times were {8.7, 11.9,
10.0} days. In a second group of patients in whom the cells were cultured for a shorter period of time
(cohort 2), the cell doubling times were {1.4, 1.0, 1.3, 1.0, 1.3, 2.0, 0.6, 0.8, 0.7, 0.9, 1.9} days. In a third
group of patients (cohort 3), actively dividing cells were generated by performing a second rapid
expansion via active cell transfer. Cell doubling times for cohort 3 were {0.9, 3.3, 1.2, 1.1} days. Data are
available in Excel and SPSS formats on the companion website as file MORGAN2006.*. Here is where
you would log in to the companion website: http://publichealth.jbpub.com/Gerstman2e/Login.aspx?
ref=/Gerstman2e/default.aspx
a. Create side-by-side boxplots of these data.
b. In addition, calculate the mean and standard deviations within each group. Comment on your findings.
cohort n Mean Std. dev.
1 3 10.2 1.6093477
2 11 1.1727273 0.46063198
3 4 1.625 1.1236103
 The mean calculated for each cohort is the average time it took for the cells to double
during that sampling. For each cohort, the number of patients’ sampled, varies greatly
with cohort 2 compared to the smaller number of patients sampled in cohort 1 and 3.
 The standard deviations calculated displays to the variance seen with the doubling
times recorded for each cohort.

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

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Essay: Genetically Modified White Blood Cells in Melanoma Treatment

Introduction

In the realm of cancer treatment, especially for challenging cases like melanoma, researchers are constantly exploring innovative approaches to combat the disease. One such study conducted by Morgan and colleagues delved into the use of genetically modified white blood cells as a treatment for melanoma patients who were unresponsive to standard therapies. By analyzing the cell doubling times in different patient cohorts, the study aimed to assess the efficacy of this novel treatment approach. This essay will delve into the findings of the study, focusing on the cell doubling times in three distinct patient groups and the implications of these results in the context of melanoma treatment.

Thesis Statement

The analysis of genetically modified white blood cells in melanoma treatment, as conducted by Morgan et al., showcases varying cell doubling times across different patient cohorts, underscoring the potential impact of this treatment approach on improving outcomes for melanoma patients.

Boxplots Analysis

The data provided by Morgan and colleagues presents intriguing insights into the cell doubling times across three distinct patient cohorts. By creating side-by-side boxplots of these data, a visual representation of the variability in doubling times can be observed. Cohort 1, where cells were cultured for an extended period, exhibited a notably longer mean doubling time of 10.2 days compared to cohort 2 (mean = 1.17 days) and cohort 3 (mean = 1.63 days). The boxplots would likely reveal the dispersion and distribution of doubling times within each cohort, offering a clearer picture of the variability in responses to the treatment approach.

Mean and Standard Deviation Analysis

Calculating the mean and standard deviations within each cohort further elucidates the differences in cell doubling times. Cohort 2, with a larger sample size (n=11), displayed a relatively lower mean doubling time compared to cohorts 1 and 3, which had smaller sample sizes (n=3 and n=4, respectively). This discrepancy in mean values underscores the influence of sample size on the reported averages. Moreover, the standard deviations within each cohort highlight the variance in doubling times. Cohort 1 exhibited a higher standard deviation (1.61) compared to cohort 2 (0.46) and cohort 3 (1.12), indicating a wider spread of data points around the mean in this group.

Implications for Melanoma Treatment

The findings from this study shed light on the potential efficacy of genetically modified white blood cells in melanoma treatment. The varying cell doubling times observed across different patient cohorts suggest that factors such as culturing duration and cell manipulation techniques can impact treatment outcomes. Cohorts with shorter doubling times may indicate a more rapid response to the therapy, potentially translating to improved treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.

In conclusion, the study by Morgan and colleagues provides valuable insights into the use of genetically modified white blood cells as a novel approach in melanoma treatment. By analyzing cell doubling times across different patient groups, the study highlights the variability in treatment responses and underscores the potential impact of this innovative therapy on improving outcomes for melanoma patients. Further research in this area could pave the way for personalized and more effective cancer treatments tailored to individual patient needs.

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