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unders anyarated. her blood valumertated to drop. ty the time Maria reunedto hera? Were. Using the information above, describe the situation in terms of homeostasis. Start with what variable is being sensed then describe the sensor/integrator/effector and negative feedback
Essay Question B:
Answer a. or b. below. (If you answer both, I will only grade the first one I see. I won’t look at the other.)
3pts
a. Your metabolism is low, and you want to bring it back up to homeostasis. Explain the endocrine pathway
of the thyroid gland to achieve this. Be sure to include all the endocrine glands, hormones, target cells and
effects, and negative feedback control. What could happen if there is a primary failure of the thyroid
gland?
b. Your plasma glucose levels are low. Describe the pathway of adrenal gland stimulation of cortisol to increase plasma glucose levels. Include the endocrine glands, hormones, target cells and effects, and the negative feedback control. What could happen if the adrenal cortex is over stimulated in this case?
Answer c. or d. below. Only answer one (4pts):
In class, we learned that not all control systems in the Endocrine System utilizes the hypothalamus as the
integrator. Please explain the negative feedback control of
c. Describe the endocrine function of the pancreas in regulating glucose levels.
or d. Describe how the Parathyroid glands control calcium levels.
Using the numbers on the graph above, answer the following questions:
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
In this scenario, Dinird’s body is attempting to maintain homeostasis, a state of internal equilibrium. When she reduces her water intake, her blood volume decreases, leading to a drop in blood pressure. This triggers a series of physiological responses to restore homeostasis:
- Sensor: The body’s baroreceptors, located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch, detect the decrease in blood pressure.
- Integrator: The brain’s cardiovascular control center processes the information from the baroreceptors and initiates a response.
- Effector: The effector organs, such as the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys, work together to increase blood pressure. The heart rate increases to pump more blood, the blood vessels constrict to increase blood pressure, and the kidneys conserve water to increase blood volume.
Homeostasis and Negative Feedback
In this scenario, Dinird’s body is attempting to maintain homeostasis, a state of internal equilibrium. When she reduces her water intake, her blood volume decreases, leading to a drop in blood pressure. This triggers a series of physiological responses to restore homeostasis:
- Sensor: The body’s baroreceptors, located in the carotid arteries and aortic arch, detect the decrease in blood pressure.
- Integrator: The brain’s cardiovascular control center processes the information from the baroreceptors and initiates a response.
- Effector: The effector organs, such as the heart, blood vessels, and kidneys, work together to increase blood pressure. The heart rate increases to pump more blood, the blood vessels constrict to increase blood pressure, and the kidneys conserve water to increase blood volume.
Essay Question A: Thyroid Gland and Metabolism
Endocrine Pathway:
- Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus detects low thyroid hormone levels.
- Pituitary Gland: The hypothalamus releases thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
- Thyroid Gland: TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4).
- Target Cells: Thyroid hormones increase metabolism, heart rate, and body temperature.
- Negative Feedback: When thyroid hormone levels rise to normal, they provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reducing the release of TRH and TSH.
Primary Failure of Thyroid Gland:
If there is a primary failure of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), the thyroid gland will not produce enough thyroid hormones. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, and slow heart rate.
Essay Question B: Adrenal Gland and Glucose Levels
Endocrine Pathway:
- Hypothalamus: The hypothalamus detects low blood glucose levels.
- Pituitary Gland: The hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
- Adrenal Cortex: ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol.
- Target Cells: Cortisol increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and muscles.
- Negative Feedback: When blood glucose levels return to normal, they provide negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reducing the release of CRH and ACTH.
Overstimulation of Adrenal Cortex:
If the adrenal cortex is overstimulated, it can lead to Cushing’s syndrome, a condition characterized by high levels of cortisol. Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome include weight gain, moon face, high blood pressure, and easy bruising.
Essay Question C: Pancreas and Glucose Regulation
The pancreas plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. The alpha cells of the pancreas produce glucagon, while the beta cells produce insulin.
- Glucagon: Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver and the release of glucose into the bloodstream.
- Insulin: Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissues.
The pancreas uses a negative feedback system to regulate blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels rise, the beta cells release insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels fall, the alpha cells release glucagon, which raises blood glucose levels.
