Answer the question
words, (based on chapters 25), explain (1) what is the position of Wilson and Kelling, (2) where did the theory of Broken Windows come from, (3) how did Wilson and Kelling support the theory.
, please state the position of Samuel Walker in Chapter 26. He attempts to dispute several major tenets put forth by Wilson and Kelling. What are they?
Compare and Contrast the two approaches of policing (community in chapter 27 and problem oriented in chapter 28). Which do you think is more effective for crime control?
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Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Title: An Analysis of Policing Strategies: From Broken Windows Theory to Community and Problem-Oriented Policing
Thesis Statement: The evolution of policing strategies from the Broken Windows theory proposed by Wilson and Kelling to the community policing approach in Chapter 27 and problem-oriented policing in Chapter 28 reflects a shift towards more proactive and community-centered crime control methods. While Wilson and Kelling focused on the importance of social disorder in crime prevention, Samuel Walker in Chapter 26 disputes some of the key tenets put forth by them, emphasizing the need for accountability and transparency in policing.
Position of Wilson and Kelling:
In their seminal work on the Broken Windows theory, James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling argue that visible signs of disorder and neglect in communities, such as broken windows, can lead to an increase in crime rates. They suggest that addressing minor infractions and maintaining order in neighborhoods can prevent more serious criminal activities from occurring.
Origins of Broken Windows Theory:
The theory of Broken Windows originated from an article published by Wilson and Kelling in The Atlantic Monthly in 1982. It gained widespread attention and influenced law enforcement policies across the United States, promoting a focus on quality-of-life issues to prevent crime.
Support for Broken Windows Theory:
Wilson and Kelling supported the Broken Windows theory by conducting studies that showed a correlation between disorderly environments and crime rates. They argued that by addressing small issues like graffiti, loitering, and vandalism, law enforcement could create an atmosphere of order that deters criminal behavior.
Position of Samuel Walker:
In Chapter 26, Samuel Walker challenges several key principles of Wilson and Kelling’s Broken Windows theory. He disputes the notion that aggressive policing tactics, such as “zero-tolerance” policies, are effective in reducing crime. Walker emphasizes the importance of police accountability, transparency, and adherence to constitutional rights in maintaining public trust and legitimacy.
Comparison of Community Policing and Problem-Oriented Policing:
Community policing, as discussed in Chapter 27, focuses on building positive relationships between law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve. It emphasizes collaboration, problem-solving, and prevention strategies to address the root causes of crime. On the other hand, problem-oriented policing, as described in Chapter 28, involves analyzing specific crime issues and developing targeted solutions to address them effectively.
Effectiveness for Crime Control:
While both community policing and problem-oriented policing have their merits, community policing appears to be more effective for crime control in the long term. By fostering trust and cooperation between police officers and community members, community policing can lead to sustainable reductions in crime rates and improved quality of life for residents. Problem-oriented policing, while valuable for addressing specific crime problems, may lack the community engagement necessary for comprehensive crime prevention efforts.
In conclusion, the evolution of policing strategies from the Broken Windows theory to community and problem-oriented policing reflects a shift towards a more holistic and community-centered approach to crime control. While different approaches have their strengths, prioritizing community involvement and cooperation may ultimately lead to more effective and sustainable results in reducing crime rates and improving public safety.
