Equilibrium and Le Chatelier’s Principle

by | Oct 18, 2021 | Physics

Table 1

Quantity of Reagents    Quantity of Reagents    Quantity of Reagents    Quantity of Reagents    Quantity of Reagents

Reagent Test Tube #1, Control Test Tube #2 Test Tube #3 Test Tube #4 Test Tube #5
Copper (II) Chloride 2.0 mL 2.0 mL 2.0 mL 2.0 mL 2.0 mL
Sodium Chloride 0.0 mL
1.0 mL

2.0 mL

4.0 mL

4.0 mL

Color of Solution
Silver Nitrate N/A N/A 1.0 mL N/A N/A
Color of Solution N/A N/A N/A N/A
Water N/A N/A N/A 3.0 mL N/A
Color of Solution N/A N/A N/A N/A

 
Activity 4

Table 2

Stress Water Bath Temperature (°C) Solution Temperature
(°C) Solution Color Direction of Shift
(reactants or products) ( or )
Test tube #4
(Control Solution)
Hot Water Bath
Cold Water Bath

Photos

Place the tubes on a white paper with adequate light. Use of white paper as a background will assist with view and color comparisons. Color changes may be subtle. Labels and colors of the liquid must be visible

Photo 1
Insert the photo of test tubes #1-5 from Activity 1. Compare the colors of the solutions in test tubes #2–5 to that in test tube #1.

Photo 2
Insert the photo of test tubes #1 and #3 from Activity 2.

Photo 3
Insert the photo of test tubes #4 and #5 from Activity 3.

Photo 4
Insert the photo of test tubes #4 and #5 from Activity 4, step 8.

Photo 5
Insert the photo of test tubes #4 and #5 from Activity 4, step 13.

Lab Questions

  1. What is the “common ion” that you added to test tubes #2–5, and how it affect the equilibrium reaction?
  2. Write an equation showing what happens when AgNO3 is added, and explain why the equilibrium shifts. Provide the experimental observation.
  3. Explain the equilibrium shift that occurs when water is added to the original equilibrium reaction. Provide the experimental observation.
  4. Write “heat” on either the left or right side of this equation, based upon Activity 4.
    _ + Cu(H2O)62+(aq) + 4Cl–(aq)  CuCl42–(aq) + 6H2O(l) + _

Blue
Green

  1. Consider the chemical reaction: N2 + 3H2 yields 2NH3. The equilibrium constant is K = 6.0 x 10-2, and concentrations are as follows [H2] = 2.5 x 10-1 M, [N2] = 4.0 M, and [NH3] = 1.0 x 10-4 M. Is the reaction at equilibrium? If not, which direction would it shift? Show your calculations.
  2. Given this reaction at equilibrium, C(s) + CO2(g)  2CO(g) (∆H° = 119kJ), explain the changes that would occur when the following stresses are applied:
    (a) CO is removed.

(b) Heat is removed.

(c) CO2 is added.

  1. Describe sources of error in this experiment.

Conclusions

Sample Solution

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

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