The cellular respiration diagram.

by | Oct 25, 2021 | Healthcare

Match the terms to the correct descriptions on the cellular respiration diagram. (4 pts)

Complete the table below on the laboratory tests used to determine the oxygen requirements of microorganisms. As an example, the requested information for the first test is completed for you. (3 pts)

Test Description Media components or system design Indicator Incubation temperature (C) Results
1 Motility Test Medium (MTM) Nutrient agar deeps with a concentration gradient of oxygen Triphenol tretrazolium (TTC) can be added better visualize the growth patterns. 37 Aerobes will be found growing at the surface of the tube and sometimes along the stab line when oxygen is introduced during inoculation.
Obligate anaerobes will be found near the bottom of the tube.
Facultative anaerobes will grow throughout the tube, but because more ATP is produced aerobically growth is heaviest at the surface.
Microaerophile will be found growing near the narrow region where oxygen concentration is limited.
2 Brewer’s Anaerobic Agar (BAA)
3 Anaerobic Jar
4 Candle Jar

Draw what a positive and negative result would look like for Tests 1-4. (4 pts)

Complete the table below on the laboratory tests used to determine the respiration capability of a microorganism. Some of the requested information is completed for you. (3 pts)
Test Description Terminal electron acceptor Terminal enzyme Medium, reagent Incubation temperature (C) Incubation time Results
1 Oxidase test Tryptic soy agar (TSA), OxiDrop 24 – 48 hours
2 Catalase test Oxygen N/A
3 Nitrate reductase test N/A 37

Draw what a positive and negative result would look like for Tests 1-3. (3 pts)

Review Questions (5 pts)

  1. In an agar deep, how would you distinguish the growth pattern of an aerotolerant anaerobe from that of a facultative anaerobe?
  2. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a foodborne pathogen and can cause serious illness in humans by producing toxins that can severely damage the lining of intestines and kidneys. What are the oxygen requirements of E. coli? What result would you observe in the MTM agar deep test? Explain. Research on the growth requirements of this bacterium is required.
  3. What is the role of oxygen and cytochrome c oxidase in aerobic respiration?
  4. Why does the nitrate reduction tube turn red after the addition of zinc?
  5. Clostridium tetani is a common soil bacterium and causes tetanus. Would you expect C. tetani to possess the enzyme catalase? Explain.

Application Question (3 pts)

Soil microorganisms, collectively referred to as dizotrophs, fix 90% of the inert nitrogen gas to ammonium and nitrate. There are two-main types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria: free-living (nonsymbiotic) and mutualistic (symbiotic). Describe the mutualistic relationship between Rhizobium and legumes. What is the advantage of using legumes as a cover crop in agricultural systems?
A point of interest is that the nitrogenase enzyme complex is highly sensitive to oxygen. This is a major problem for free-living aerobic species such as cyanobacteria and species of the genera Azotobacter and Beijerinckia. Describe two ways the bacteria can overcome to levels of oxygen in their cells.

Sample Solution

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

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