In a 3- page paper (excluding title and reference pages), summarize and provide an example of how a biological, sociological, and psychological theory of crime causation affects human behavior and actions. Be sure to provide an example of each theory and include a reference to the examples that may include an article, case study, adjudicated case, etc.
Use at least three credible sources and proper APA citation style.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
Title: Exploring the Influence of Biological, Sociological, and Psychological Theories of Crime Causation on Human Behavior
Introduction
Crime causation is a complex phenomenon that has long fascinated researchers from various disciplines. Biological, sociological, and psychological theories provide valuable insights into understanding the factors that contribute to criminal behavior. This essay will explore each of these theories and their impact on human behavior, providing relevant examples to illustrate their application.
Biological Theory of Crime Causation
The biological theory posits that certain biological factors contribute to criminal behavior. This perspective suggests that genetic, neurological, and physiological traits may predispose individuals to engage in criminal activities. For instance, research has shown that individuals with low levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter responsible for regulating mood and impulse control, are more likely to exhibit violent behavior (Caspi et al., 2002).
An example that demonstrates the influence of biological factors on crime causation is the case of James Fallon. Fallon is a renowned neuroscientist who discovered through brain imaging scans that he possessed several neurological abnormalities associated with violent behavior. Although he has never committed a crime, his biological predisposition raises interesting questions about the extent to which biology influences human behavior (Fallon, 2013).
Sociological Theory of Crime Causation
In contrast to biological theories, sociological theories focus on the impact of social factors on criminal behavior. These theories suggest that individuals are more likely to engage in criminal activities due to social influences such as poverty, unemployment, and lack of educational opportunities. An example of a sociological theory is strain theory, which argues that individuals turn to crime when they experience a discrepancy between their goals and the means available to achieve them.
A compelling example illustrating the sociological theory of crime causation is the study conducted by Robert Merton (1938). Merton examined the relationship between societal goals, such as financial success, and the means available to achieve those goals. He found that individuals facing limited opportunities for economic success were more likely to resort to criminal activities as an alternative means of achieving their aspirations.
Psychological Theory of Crime Causation
Psychological theories of crime causation focus on individual traits, experiences, and cognitive processes that contribute to criminal behavior. These theories propose that personality disorders, childhood trauma, and cognitive distortions may influence an individual’s propensity to engage in criminal acts. For instance, the psychodynamic theory suggests that unresolved conflicts from childhood can manifest in criminal behavior later in life.
An example that exemplifies the psychological theory of crime causation is the case of Theodore Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber. Kaczynski exhibited several traits associated with antisocial personality disorder, including a lack of empathy and disregard for societal norms. His childhood experiences, such as isolation and rejection, contributed to his development of a criminal mindset (Ramsland, 2018).
Conclusion
Biological, sociological, and psychological theories provide distinct perspectives on crime causation, shedding light on the complex interplay of various factors that influence human behavior. Understanding these theories is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and address criminal activity. While biological factors may predispose individuals to criminal behavior, sociological and psychological factors highlight the impact of social context and individual experiences. By considering these theories collectively, policymakers, researchers, and practitioners can work towards developing comprehensive approaches to crime prevention.
References
Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., Craig, I. W., … & Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297(5582), 851-854.
Fallon, J. (2013). The psychopath inside: A neuroscientist’s personal journey into the dark side of the brain. Penguin.
Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American sociological review, 3(5), 672-682.
Ramsland, K. (2018). The Unabomber and me: A forensic psychiatrist’s pursuit of Ted Kaczynski. Forensic Examiner, 27(2), 46-53.
