Analysis and Report of the Unbanked and Underbanked in the US

 


The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) conducts frequent surveys to understand the unbanked and underbanked situation in the U.S. In this assignment, we will use the 2023 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households. It is the most recent survey conducted by the FDIC focusing on the unbanked and underbanked situation in the U.S.

The data has been cleaned and prepared in Excel format for our analysis. Each row in the spreadsheet contains information collected from one household. There are a total of 29,483 households included in the dataset. It is important to note that not all households carry the same weight in our analysis. Due to the sampling design, each household has a weight, and the weight (as opposed to count) will be used to calculate the proportions and statistics.

To keep the scope of the assignment manageable, not all data from the FDIC survey have been included. The original data, dictionary, and survey questions can be found on the FDIC official website. Survey data from earlier years are also available.
Assignment Questions
1. What is the proportion of unbanked and underbanked households in the U.S.? (6 points)
2. How do the unbanked and underbanked situations compare across different states? To answer this question, please create two separate visualizations for: (20 points)
  a. The proportion of the unbanked population in different states
  b. The proportion of the underbanked population in different states
3. What proportion of the unbanked individuals were previously banked? (6 points)
4. What are the main reasons people become or choose to be unbanked? (6 points)
5. How does the unbanked and underbanked proportion differ for different: (6 points each, total 42 points)
  a. Household type
  b. Employment status
  c. Education
  d. Citizenship and place of birth
  e. Disability status
  f. Income
  g. Race/Ethnicity
6.  How do the unbanked, underbanked, and banked differ in their use of the following alternative financial services (AFS)? (6 points each, total 48 points)
  a. Nonbank check cashing
  b. Nonbank money order
  c. Payday loan
  d. Pawnshop loan
  e. Refund anticipation loan
  f. Rent-to-own service
  g. Auto title loan
  h. Prepaid card
7. 7. How do the unbanked, underbanked, and banked differ in their home ownership? (6 points)
8. 8. In question 6 above, we looked at how each AFS is used. In this question, let’s explore what proportion of unbanked, banked, and underbanked households used at least one of the AFS services. (10 points)
9. 9. What are the takeaway messages from your analyses above? Please describe the current landscape of unbanked and underbanked. (6 points)
Deliverables
There are two deliverables for this assignment:

1. The completed Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (based on the template with finished calculations)
  - For each question and sub-question except for questions 2 and 9, please include a pivot table.
  - For question 5, you will need one pivot table for each category (e.g., household type, employment status, etc.).
  - For question 2, creating one pivot table is sufficient, but you must include two separate visualizations for unbanked and underbanked proportions across different states.
  - Question 9 asks for your takeaway messages and does not need to be reflected in your spreadsheet.

2. A professionally organized 3–6 page report that answers the questions above.
  - Organize your report as responses to each of the questions.
  - Focus on findings and insights; do not include technical details or calculation steps.
  - For questions 1–8, include:
    • The calculation results (percentages, tables, or visualizations).
    • Your interpretation of the results (e.g., whether it is high/low, implications for households, organizations, and governments).
  - For question 9, you’ll be graded on the quality of your summary.

 

. Proportion of Unbanked and Underbanked Households in the U.S.

Calculation Results (Weighted Proportions):

Unbanked Households: [4.5]%

Underbanked Households: [14.1]%

Banked Households: [81.4]%

Interpretation: The data indicates that over one-fifth of U.S. households—approximately [18.6%] (Unbanked + Underbanked)—lack full and sufficient engagement with the traditional banking system. The Unbanked proportion, representing households with no one holding a bank account, signifies outright financial exclusion. The Underbanked proportion, representing households that use traditional accounts but still rely on expensive Alternative Financial Services (AFS), suggests a failure of the current banking model to meet the needs of nearly one in seven households. This large segment of underbanked individuals faces a "poverty penalty" of high fees and limited wealth-building opportunities.

2. State-Level Comparison of Unbanked and Underbanked Populations

a. The Proportion of the Unbanked Population in Different States

Visualization Findings: The visualization of unbanked proportions across states reveals significant regional disparity. States in the Southern and Southwestern U.S., such as Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, consistently register the highest unbanked rates, often exceeding [7.0%]. Conversely, states in the Northeast and upper Midwest typically show the lowest rates, often below [2.5%].

Interpretation: This geographic concentration implies that financial exclusion is deeply tied to regional economic and structural factors. States with lower median household incomes, higher poverty rates, and less comprehensive financial infrastructure tend to have higher unbanked populations. For organizations and governments, this suggests that financial inclusion strategies must be geographically targeted and tailored to local economic conditions.

b. The Proportion of the Underbanked Population in Different States

Visualization Findings: The underbanked proportion shows a slightly different geographic distribution, though southern and western states remain prominent. Large population centers, including states like California, Florida, and Texas, show high numbers of underbanked households, often exceeding [17.0%].

Sample Answer

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households (2023)

Analysis and Landscape Summary

This report analyzes data from the 2023 FDIC National Survey of Unbanked and Underbanked Households, utilizing household weights to accurately represent the U.S. population. The findings provide critical insights into the scope of financial exclusion, the demographic characteristics of vulnerable populations, and their reliance on alternative financial services (AFS).