Chemical Bonding

by | Oct 26, 2020 | chemistry

Atomic bonds form the basis for the myriad of substances that exist, as well as their internal energy, reactions,
and other characteristics. The key types of atomic bonds considered here are metallic, ionic, and covalent.
These are referred to as atomic bonds because they actually bond atoms together. However, sometimes the
term “chemical bonding” is used, but both phrases are referring to the same phenomenon – the various ways
that atoms bond together to form more complex substances. Ionic and covalent bonds are probably the most
crucial in chemistry because they can result in the formation of compounds. Ionic and covalent bonding
between different elements results in the formation of compounds because of the atoms bond together in fixed
ratios, a crucial characteristic of compounds. Metallic bonds result in the formation of alloys as opposed to
compounds because the atoms are not required to combine in fixed ratios.
As physical systems, atoms naturally seek the lowest energy state (the state of existence requiring the least
energy). Accordingly, configurations of small bound groups of atoms, called molecules, are formed. When
individual atoms are sufficiently near each other, their electric charges redistribute in such fashion as to form
attractive electric forces called bonds:

  1. covalent – sharing of electrons by two nuclei
  2. ionic – electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
  3. metallic – attraction of nuclei in crystal for outer shell electrons shared among all available orbitals
  4. hydrogen – attraction between H atoms of one molecule and unshared electrons of another
    Instructions
  5. Read chapter 9 in Tillery (Keep in mind the summary of equations at the end of the chapter).
  6. Answer/solve any two of the following (10 pts. each):
    a. What is the difference between the formation of an ionic bond and formation of a covalent bond?
    b. What relationship, if any, exists between the number of valence electrons and the number of covalent bonds
    that the atom can form? Explain.
    c. What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond?
    d. Analyze how you might know for certain that a pure substance you have is an ionic compound and not a
    covalent compound.

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Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

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