Source 1: Co-infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) may be associated with decreased neurological and neuropsychological functioning, according to a study published in Clinical Infectious Diseases.
Work cited from: Robertson K, Oladeji B, Jiang H, et al. HIV-1 and TB co-infection in multinational resource limited settings: increased neurological dysfunction [published online August 20, 2018] Clin Infect Dis. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy718.
Source 2: Individuals with HIV face more complexities when being treated for tuberculosis (TB), according to a new study published in AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. Although HIV/TB coinfection was not associated overall with unfavorable TB outcomes, coinfection appeared to affect TB drug-related adverse events, hospital readmissions, and TB treatment duration.
Work cited from: Barrett, Jennifer. “HIV Infection Yields Higher Risk of Complications with Tuberculosis Treatment.” Specialty Pharmacy Times, 25 Oct. 2018, www.specialtypharmacytimes.com/news/hiv-infection-yields-higher-risk-of-complications-with-tuberculosis-treatment.
Step Four: Summarize Research Findings
Brief summary of the problem
The onset of the AIDS epidemic is associated with an increase in the incidence of tuberculosis in the world, since HIV and tuberculosis are actively interacting with each other. Both infections affect the immune system, altering the development of another disease. As a result, HIV affects the symptoms and development of tuberculosis and in people with HIV, especially with immune status below 200 cells / ml, tuberculosis often becomes extra pulmonary, that is, it affects not the lungs, as in most cases, but other systems of the body lymph nodes and spine, which is especially dangerous.
In this research, the effect of HIV related Virus to Pulmonary Tuberculosis will be studied. Various studies prevailed that one critical infection that can be associated with HIV/AIDS infection is pulmonary tuberculosis infection. Pulmonary tuberculosis is especially prevalent in the third clinical stage according to W.H.O and can lead to significant complications when not adequately treated.
There are following research questions:
- What are the effects associated with the HIV+ and occurrence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis?
- What preventive measures can be taken in HIV positive patients to prevent Pulmonary Tuberculosis co-infection?
- What will the world organizations do about this disease?
Compile a list of the most useful keywords:
HIV, Pulmonary Tuberculosis, TB, human immunodeficiency virus, effect, link, relationship, immune system in HIV
The best 4-8 sources: - Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A., and Ziad A. Memish. “Historical Preview and Epidemiology of Tuberculosis.” Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System. Springer, Cham, 2017. 3-9.
In this article the author find out the reasons of Tuberculosis among HIV–positive patients. I have found this article important for my research topic as it discusses the effect of positive HIV patients over tuberculosis.
2.”Data and Statistics.” World Health Organization. N.p., 2019. Web. 16 Jan. 2019.
This website is related to data and statistics provided by WHO for both diseases, HIV and TB. This site reveals the number of HIV and Tb patients year by year. Authentic statistics from this site can be use in this research. - Idele, Priscilla, et al. “Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and paediatric HIV care and treatment monitoring: from measuring process to impact and elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV.” AIDS and Behavior 21.1 (2017): 23-33.
The study done by Idele, Priscilla et al. finds out the relationship among HIV +pregnant woman and their child. This study reveals that HIV and tuberculosis are so closely intertwined that they are often called an epidemic in an epidemic. These diseases promote mutual development and reinforce each other. This source can be a useful study for this research. - Khan, Nargis, and Maziar Divangahi. “Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Coinfection Brings Fire and Fury to Macrophages.” (2018): 1851-1853.
People with very low immune status may suffer from atypical or extra pulmonary tuberculosis, which develops when the bacteria spread from the lungs to other organs. The lower the immune status of a person with HIV, the higher the risk of developing extra pulmonary tuberculosis.
Sample Solution
