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1. Could you in a few short sentences explain why Douglass uses “scorching irony” to discuss slavery in America?
Frederick Douglass employs “scorching irony” to highlight the hypocrisy of American society, particularly its professed values of freedom and equality juxtaposed against the brutal reality of slavery. By using irony, he draws attention to the absurdity of a nation that champions liberty while simultaneously subjugating a significant portion of its population, thereby forcing readers to confront the moral contradictions inherent in American ideals.
2. Could you explain what Mill means by “liberty”?
John Stuart Mill defines “liberty” as the freedom of individuals to pursue their own paths, provided they do not harm others in the process. He emphasizes the importance of personal autonomy and self-determination, arguing that individuals should have the right to express their thoughts and actions without undue interference from society or the government. Mill’s concept of liberty is closely tied to the idea of individual rights and the protection of personal freedoms against collective constraints.
3. Could you define “white privilege”? Who wrote directly about it?
White privilege refers to the societal advantages that white people experience based solely on their race, often without being aware of those advantages. This concept suggests that white individuals have unearned benefits in various aspects of life, including education, employment, and interactions with law enforcement, due to their racial identity. Notable writers who have addressed this concept include Peggy McIntosh in her essay “White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack,” where she outlines the everyday privileges afforded to white individuals.
4. What was Blum’s definition of racism?
Matthew Blum defines racism as a belief system that attributes different characteristics, abilities, or behaviors to individuals based on their race or ethnicity, leading to discrimination and prejudice. He emphasizes that racism is not merely an individual attitude but is also embedded in social structures and institutions, resulting in systemic inequalities and injustices.
5. Why think racism is one of the most pressing problems facing our country today?
Racism remains a pressing issue in the United States due to its pervasive influence on social structures, economic opportunities, and criminal justice systems. The ongoing racial disparities in wealth, education, healthcare, and incarceration rates highlight deep-rooted inequalities that affect marginalized communities. Moreover, recent events and movements advocating for racial justice, such as Black Lives Matter, underscore the urgency of addressing racism as a fundamental societal problem that hinders progress toward equity and social cohesion.
6. What reasons are there for thinking it is permanent, and who argued for this position?
Some scholars argue that racism is a permanent fixture in society due to its deep historical roots and institutional entrenchment. Notably, Derrick Bell argued for this position through his concept of “racial realism,” suggesting that racism is an enduring aspect of American society that cannot be entirely eradicated. He contended that systemic racism is perpetuated through laws and social norms that create barriers for marginalized groups, making it a persistent challenge in efforts toward achieving true equality.
7. Ethical Egoism. Who argued for it? What is it? What is a trivial objection to it? What is the basic argument for it, and why does that argument fail?
Ethical egoism is a normative ethical theory suggesting that individuals ought to act in their own self-interest. Prominent proponents include Ayn Rand and Thomas Hobbes. A trivial objection to ethical egoism is that it could justify harmful behaviors if they benefit the individual (e.g., stealing). The basic argument for ethical egoism posits that acting in one’s self-interest ultimately leads to better outcomes for society as a whole. However, this argument fails because it overlooks the importance of cooperation and mutual benefit; selfish actions can lead to social discord and undermine communal well-being.
8. Nietzsche’s egoism.
– What is a “genealogy” or morality?
A “genealogy” of morality refers to an analytical approach that examines the historical development and underlying motives of moral values and beliefs. Nietzsche utilized this method to reveal how moral concepts evolved from specific cultural and psychological conditions rather than being grounded in absolute truths.
– In the “birds of prey” parable, what is the value system? (i.e., good and bad, good and evil, something else?) Can you explain the values?
In Nietzsche’s “birds of prey” parable, he contrasts a value system based on “good and bad” with one grounded in “good and evil.” The former represents a noble perspective where strength and power are celebrated, while the latter reflects a slave morality characterized by guilt, resentment, and a focus on weakness. Nietzsche critiques slave morality for devaluing life-affirming qualities in favor of promoting submissive virtues.
– Why does Nietzsche think this old value system changed? What did it change into? What does it mean to say that moral ideas are ‘ideological’? Which moral idea, in particular, is he attacking?
Nietzsche believes the old value system changed due to the rise of Christianity and its emphasis on humility and compassion, which redefined morality from strength to weakness. He argues that moral ideas are ‘ideological’ because they serve specific interests and power dynamics rather than being absolute truths. Nietzsche particularly attacks the moral idea of altruism as a means of controlling human instincts and undermining individual greatness by promoting mediocrity over excellence.
