activities to the adjacent landowners as compensation for the losses they incurred due to wildlife grazing and damage to crops during their wet season dispersal (Emerton, 1999; Lusigi, 1981; Norton-Griffiths, 1996; Norton- Griffiths and Southey, 1995; Western, 1976, 1982, 1994)). As for the problems, Campbell (2005) defines such problems as crop damage and predation by wildlife, implications for the expansion of cultivation for habitat fragmentation, competition and disputes over access to reliable water with livestock herders, and farmers, threat of reduction of herd productivity and increase the drought risk. Since Independence in 1963, national policy has contributed to the diversification of the area’s economy to include farming and wildlife-based tourism alongside herding. Land adjudication in Maasai areas ostensibly designed to reduce land degradation has been an important policy instrument. High potential land on the mountain slopes was allocated to prominent individuals as Individual Ranches, and most were quickly subdivided and sold to immigrant farmers. While the ranches have met peoples’ needs in years of good rainfall, in bad years movement beyond the ranch boundaries remains necessary (Campbell, 1999a). Of non-Maasai farmers interviewed, 68% in 1977, and 60% in 1996 reported moving to the study area because of land shortage in the place of origin. The next most frequent cause of migration, drought, was indicated by 7% in 1977 and 38% in 1996 (Campbell, 2005). Some farmers were Maasai who, as in other areas, married women from farming groups. Additional migrants were relatives invited by these wives. Once the land market developed many migrated from areas of Kenya where land was in short supply (Campbell, 2005). These migrants are overwhelmingly farmers and grow crops. Their main goal is economic development in the key to high crop yields and political independence of residence status. One of the main problems of migrants is the insecurity of their residence status, lack of their own land, from which there are conflicts with local residents – Maasai. The primary change in land use and land cover was the expansion of irrigated and rain fed agriculture into rangelands comprised of Acacia woodland near the mountain and grassla>