Historical Events Contributing to America’s Culture of Violence

by | May 6, 2024 | criminal justice

 

1. List the six major historical events that Davis and Gurr identified as the roots of America’s culture of violence, as discussed in the lecture.
2. Multicide
3. Serial murder
4. Mass murder
5. Spree murder
6. List, and briefly define, the typologies of serial murderers identified
by Holmes and DeBurger, as discussed in the lecture.
7. Organized serial killer
8. Disorganized serial killer
9. List, and briefly define, the types of victims identified by Mendelson,
as discussed in the lecture.
10. Culturally violent offender
11. Criminally violent offender
12. Situationally violent offender
13. Assault
14. Battery
15. Forcible rape
16. Statutory rape
17. Murder
18. First-degree murder
19. Malice aforethought
20. Premeditation
21. Second-degree murder
22. Felony murder doctrine
23. List, and briefly define, the three characteristics of voluntary
manslaughter as discussed in the lecture.
24. Involuntary manslaughter
25. Define and describe any two of the following as discussed in the
lecture: workplace violence, school violence, school shooters, guns, stalking, kidnapping.
26. List, and briefly define, each of the three main types of rape as discussed in the lecture.
27. List, and briefly define, each of the four main types of rapists as discussed in the lecture.
28. List, and briefly define, the different types of domestic violence as discussed in the lecture.
29. Culture of violence
30. Subculture of violence
31. List the main ideals of the code of the street
32. Intensive career criminal
33. Intermittent career criminal
CLASSICAL AND NEUVE THEORIES
34. List, and briefly define, the three problems Beccaria identified with the legal system of the 1700s, as discussed in the lecture.
35. The rational actor
36. Law as a social contract
37. Deterrence
38. Blind justice
39. Deterrence theory
40. Rational-actor theory
41. Routine activity theory
42. Motivated offender
43. Suitable target
44. Absence of guardians
45. Crime-specific focus
46. Absolute deterrence
47. Restrictive deterrence
48. Specific deterrence
49. General deterrence
50. Severity
51. Celerity
52. Certainty
53. Subjective expected utility
54. Bounded rationality
55. Costs of crime
56. Moral costs of crime POSITIVIST THEORIES
57. “Criminal type”
58. Criminogenic traits
59. Atavism
60. Criminal predisposition
61. “Perfect storm” situation for criminal behavior
62. Life-course persistent criminality
63. List each of the biological factors that have been identified as
relating to crime, as discussed in the lecture.
64. Modern positivism
65. Kin selection
66. List, and briefly define, each of the biological factors that either
cause or predict criminal behavior according to the body as predictor theory, as discussed in the lecture.
67. List, and briefly define, the identifiers of criminal personality from MPQ results, as discussed in the lecture.

 

 

 

 

 

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

 

Historical Events Contributing to America’s Culture of Violence:

1. The American Revolution
2. The Civil War
3. The Wild West Frontier
4. Prohibition and the Roaring Twenties
5. The Vietnam War
6. The Civil Rights Movement

Typologies of Serial Murderers by Holmes and DeBurger:

1. Organized Serial Killer: Methodical, meticulous in planning, and often intelligent.
2. Disorganized Serial Killer: Impulsive, lacks planning, and exhibits erratic behavior.

Types of Victims by Mendelson:

1. Culturally Violent Offender: Victims targeted due to cultural or ethnic differences.
2. Criminally Violent Offender: Victims targeted due to involvement in criminal activities.
3. Situationally Violent Offender: Victims targeted due to specific circumstances or situations.

Characteristics of Voluntary Manslaughter:

1. Heat of Passion: Crime committed in the heat of the moment without premeditation.
2. Adequate Provocation: Provocation sufficient to cause a reasonable person to lose self-control.
3. Lack of Cooling Off Period: No time for the offender to calm down before committing the crime.

Types of Rape:

1. Forcible Rape: Involves physical force or threat of harm to compel the victim.
2. Statutory Rape: Involves sexual intercourse with a minor, regardless of consent.

Types of Rapists:

1. Power-Assertive Rapist: Seeks to assert power and control over the victim through force.
2. Power-Reassurance Rapist: Seeks validation and reassurance of masculinity through rape.
3. Anger-Retaliatory Rapist: Seeks to harm and humiliate the victim as an act of revenge.
4. Anger-Excitation Rapist: Derives sexual pleasure from inflicting pain or fear on the victim.

Types of Domestic Violence:

1. Physical Abuse: Involves physical harm or injury to a partner or family member.
2. Emotional Abuse: Involves psychological manipulation, control, or degradation.
3. Sexual Abuse: Involves non-consensual sexual acts within a domestic relationship.

Ideals of the Code of the Street:

– Respect, Reputation, and Retaliation

Problems Identified by Beccaria with Legal System in 1700s:

1. Arbitrary Laws: Laws were vague and inconsistently applied.
2. Harsh Punishments: Punishments were severe and not proportional to crimes.
3. Corrupt Legal System: Legal processes were influenced by bribery and favoritism.

Biological Factors Relating to Crime:

– Genetics, Brain Abnormalities, Hormonal Imbalances, and Neurotransmitter Dysfunction.

Identifiers of Criminal Personality from MPQ Results:

– High levels of Aggressiveness, Impulsivity, and Unconventionality.

 

 

 

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