Fifty pro-football rookies were rated on a scale of 1 to 5, based on performance at a training camp as well as on past performance. A ranking of 1 indicated a poor prospect, whereas a ranking of 5 indicated an excellent prospect. The following frequency distribution was constructed.
Rating Frequency
1 4
2 10
3 14
4 18
5 4
a.) How many of the rookies received a rating of 4 or better? How many of the rookies received a rating of 2 or worse?
– The rookies who received a rating of 4+ are 22 and the ones who received a rating of 2 or worse are 14.
b.) Construct the relative frequency distribution. What proportion received a rating of 5?
–
c.) Construct a bar chart. Comment on the findings.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
a.) To determine how many rookies received a rating of 4 or better, we add up the frequencies for ratings 4 and 5: 18 + 4 = 22. Therefore, 22 rookies received a rating of 4 or better.
To determine how many rookies received a rating of 2 or worse, we add up the frequencies for ratings 1 and 2: 4 + 10 = 14. Therefore, 14 rookies received a rating of 2 or worse.
b.) To construct the relative frequency distribution, we divide the frequency for each rating by the total number of rookies (50). The relative frequency for each rating is as follows:
Rating Frequency Relative Frequency 1 4 4/50 = 0.08 2 10 10/50 = 0.20 3 14 14/50 = 0.28 4 18 18/50 = 0.36 5 4 4/50 = 0.08
Therefore, the proportion of rookies who received a rating of 5 is 4/50 = 0.08 (or 8%).
c.) To construct a bar chart, we can represent each rating on the x-axis and the frequency or relative frequency on the y-axis. The height of each bar will correspond to the frequency or relative frequency for each rating.
Based on the given data, the bar chart will look like this:
Frequency
| *
| *
| *
| *
| * *
| * *
| * * *
| * * * *
| * * * *
———————–
1 2 3 4 5
From the bar chart, we can observe that the majority of rookies received ratings of 3 or higher, with the highest frequency at rating 4. However, there are only a few rookies who received ratings of 1 or 5.
