Write an essay that makes an original argument by advancing a series of related and substantiated claims in response to:
How do Hobbes and Cronon differently present nature as a construction?
The essay must range between 1,500 and 1,800 words, divided into coherent paragraphs.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
Nature as a Construction: A Comparative Analysis of Hobbes and Cronon
Introduction
The concept of nature has been a subject of philosophical inquiry for centuries. Both Thomas Hobbes and William Cronon delve into the notion of nature as a construction, but they approach it from different perspectives. In this essay, we will compare and contrast how Hobbes and Cronon present nature as a construction, examining their respective theories and substantiating their claims.
Hobbes’ Construction of Nature
Thomas Hobbes, in his seminal work “Leviathan,” presents a construction of nature that reflects his political philosophy. Hobbes argues that nature is inherently chaotic and that society must be established to escape the state of nature. His construction of nature is based on a pessimistic view of human nature and the need for a strong central authority to maintain order.
Claim 1: The State of Nature as Chaotic
Hobbes posits that in the state of nature, humans exist in a perpetual state of conflict. He argues that without a governing authority, individuals are driven by their own self-interests, leading to a “war of all against all.” According to Hobbes, this chaotic state of nature necessitates the establishment of a social contract and a sovereign power to prevent societal collapse.
Claim 2: The Social Contract as Constructing Society
For Hobbes, the social contract is the mechanism through which society is constructed. He argues that individuals willingly surrender certain rights and freedoms to a central authority in exchange for security and order. Through the social contract, society is built upon an artificial construct that mitigates the inherent chaos of the state of nature.
Claim 3: Sovereign Authority as Nature’s Construction
Hobbes asserts that the sovereign authority, established through the social contract, constructs a cohesive society. This sovereign power holds a monopoly over the legitimate use of force and maintains order by enforcing laws and resolving conflicts. The sovereign authority acts as a construct that tames the natural impulses of individuals and provides stability within society.
Cronon’s Construction of Nature
William Cronon, in his influential essay “The Trouble with Wilderness,” presents an alternative construction of nature rooted in environmental history. Cronon challenges the romanticized view of pristine wilderness and argues that it is a social and cultural construction rather than an inherent natural state.
Claim 1: Nature as Culturally Shaped
Cronon argues that our perception of nature is culturally shaped, influenced by societal values, beliefs, and practices. He contends that what we consider as “wilderness” is not an untouched natural state but rather a product of human intervention and cultural narratives. Cronon asserts that our construction of nature is deeply intertwined with our cultural understanding and historical context.
Claim 2: Wilderness as a Human-Created Concept
According to Cronon, wilderness is not an objective reality but a human-created concept. He suggests that humans have selectively chosen certain areas to be labeled as wilderness while disregarding other landscapes that have been shaped by human presence. Cronon challenges the notion that wilderness exists independently from human influence, arguing that it is a construct that reflects our desires, fears, and aspirations.
Claim 3: Nature’s Dualism and its Implications
Cronon explores the dualistic view of nature prevalent in Western thought, which separates humans from the natural world. He argues that this dualism has led to environmental problems by fostering a sense of detachment and domination over nature. Cronon suggests that reconceptualizing nature as a construction can lead to a more sustainable relationship with the environment, emphasizing the interconnectedness between humans and the natural world.
Comparing Hobbes and Cronon
While both Hobbes and Cronon present nature as a construction, there are distinct differences in their perspectives and approaches.
Perspective: Political Philosophy vs. Environmental History
Hobbes constructs nature from a political philosophy lens, focusing on societal governance and the need for a central authority to maintain order. In contrast, Cronon approaches nature’s construction from an environmental history perspective, examining how cultural narratives shape our perception of wilderness.
State of Nature: Chaos vs. Cultural Intervention
Hobbes portrays the state of nature as inherently chaotic, necessitating the construction of society through a social contract. In contrast, Cronon challenges the notion of a pristine, untouched wilderness, arguing that it is influenced by human intervention and cultural constructions.
Human-Nature Relationship: Domination vs. Interconnectedness
Hobbes’ construction of nature emphasizes human domination over nature, with the sovereign authority constraining natural impulses for societal stability. In contrast, Cronon highlights the interconnectedness between humans and nature, suggesting that reconceptualizing nature as a construction can lead to a more sustainable relationship.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Thomas Hobbes and William Cronon offer distinct perspectives on nature as a construction. Hobbes constructs nature as inherently chaotic, requiring societal construction through a social contract and sovereign authority. In contrast, Cronon challenges romanticized notions of wilderness, arguing that nature is culturally shaped and influenced by human intervention. By critically examining these constructions of nature, we gain insights into how our understanding of the natural world is shaped by political philosophy, cultural narratives, and societal values. Understanding these constructions can lead to a more nuanced perspective on our relationship with nature and inform efforts towards environmental sustainability.
