Think of one negative feedback loop that we discussed this semester and describe it in a great detail including the following: what sets it into motion, what processes are mobilized in this feedback loop, and what is the ultimate outcome? Be specific when describing organs, parts of the organ, cells and molecules.
We discussed many different ions/minerals/electrolytes. Think of one ion we talked about in a great detail in different contexts and describe what would happen as a result of this ion deficiency. You can think of several lectures where we mentioned this ion and what could be the broad consequences of its deficiency regulating at least 2 distinct processes in the body. (e.g sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, etc)
What are the differences between the primary and secondary humoral immunity responses with respect to the time to produce the antibodies, their levels, and the persistence of the response (think about what we discussed and the graph we analyzed)? Knowing this, why do you think it is helpful to get vaccinated and specifically what mechanism is used by the antibodies in protection against the virus. Be specific!
Imagine, you went on an amazing cruise and all of a sudden you found yourself stranded at sea. You have nothing to drink and your body is working hard to retain the water. Describe how one hormone can help you with that and explain exactly it would be doing in different parts of the body and on the cellular or molecular level. Be very specific and describe what is happening actually as you are stranded-the heat, lack of water, etc.

  1. Think of one of the systems you learned about this semester and describe in detail one fun fact that you learned about that was surprising. Write about what you previously thought/believed and what you know now using details. (e.g general misconception is the feces contain undigested food but in fact they contain for example bacterial cells, or sloughed cells of our bodies; e.g histamine is often associated only with allergies , but in fact it plays a very important role in inflammation-describe that role; even though majority of our amino acid source comes from the diet , a large portion comes from digestion of our own cells and enzymes)
  2. We discussed different disorders that are more common in men than in women and vice versa. Think of one such disorder and explain why is it more common in one of the sex over the other using the anatomical and/or physiological differences as part of your evidence .
  3. Think of 2 organs that we can live without and why? What function of these organs must be replaced and how can they be replaced?

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.

God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

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