PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACHES & DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES

by | Mar 9, 2025 | Essays

 

 

The Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Scope and Standards of Practice, 3rd ed. (ANA et. al, 2022), states the following three key psychiatric-mental health advanced practice nursing roles in a variety of clinical settings (p. 19):
• Provision of psychotherapy
• Provision of psychopharmacological interventions, and
• Provision of clinical supervision

American Nurses Association, American Psychiatric Nurses Association, & International Society of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses. (2022). Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.).
n the 1960s, Aaron Beck developed cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Since then, it has been extensively researched and found to be effective in a large number of outcome studies for psychiatric disorders, and has been demonstrated to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for serious mental disorders. CBT has been adapted and studied for children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families.
Your writing assignment should:
• Identify the key concepts of cognitive-behavioral therapy.
• Describe the indications for cognitive behavioral therapy.
• Outline the structure of cognitive behavioral therapy sessions.
• Review the clinical significance of cognitive-behavioral therapy and its efficacy in treating common psychiatric illnesses

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Cornerstone of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as a foundational therapeutic modality within psychiatric-mental health nursing, supported by extensive research and clinical efficacy. As a core skill for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) in this field, understanding CBT’s key concepts, indications, structure, and clinical significance is paramount.

Key Concepts of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:

CBT is grounded in the principle that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected. It emphasizes that maladaptive thinking patterns contribute to emotional distress and behavioral problems. Key concepts include:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Cornerstone of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has emerged as a foundational therapeutic modality within psychiatric-mental health nursing, supported by extensive research and clinical efficacy. As a core skill for advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) in this field, understanding CBT’s key concepts, indications, structure, and clinical significance is paramount.

Key Concepts of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:

CBT is grounded in the principle that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected. It emphasizes that maladaptive thinking patterns contribute to emotional distress and behavioral problems. Key concepts include:

  • Cognitive Distortions: These are irrational thought patterns that lead to inaccurate perceptions of reality. Examples include all-or-nothing thinking, catastrophizing, and mental filtering.
  • Automatic Thoughts: These are spontaneous, often negative, thoughts that arise in response to specific situations.
  • Core Beliefs: These are deeply ingrained beliefs about oneself, others, and the world.
  • Behavioral Activation: This involves increasing engagement in pleasurable and meaningful activities to improve mood and reduce avoidance behaviors.
  • Exposure Therapy: This involves gradually exposing individuals to feared situations or stimuli to reduce anxiety.

Indications for Cognitive Behavioral Therapy:

CBT has demonstrated efficacy in treating a wide range of psychiatric disorders, including:

  • Depression: CBT helps individuals identify and challenge negative thought patterns and increase engagement in pleasurable activities.
  • Anxiety Disorders: CBT is effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias.
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): CBT with exposure and response prevention is a first-line treatment for OCD.
  • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): CBT helps individuals process traumatic experiences and reduce symptoms of avoidance and hyperarousal.
  • Eating Disorders: CBT helps individuals challenge distorted thoughts about body image and food.
  • Substance Use Disorders: CBT helps individuals identify triggers for substance use and develop coping skills.
  • Serious Mental Illnesses: CBT has been shown to be effective as an adjunctive treatment to medication for disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Structure of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Sessions:

CBT sessions are typically structured and time-limited, often lasting 12-20 sessions. A typical session may include:

  • Agenda Setting: Collaboratively establishing the focus of the session.
  • Review of Previous Session: Discussing progress and addressing any challenges.
  • Psychoeducation: Providing information about the disorder and CBT techniques.
  • Cognitive Restructuring: Identifying and challenging cognitive distortions.
  • Behavioral Experiments: Testing the validity of negative thoughts and beliefs.
  • Homework Assignments: Practicing CBT techniques between sessions.
  • Feedback and Summarization: Reviewing key points and planning for the next session.

Clinical Significance and Efficacy:

CBT’s clinical significance lies in its evidence-based approach and its ability to empower individuals to manage their own mental health. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in numerous randomized controlled trials, supporting its use as a first-line treatment for many psychiatric disorders.

  • Empirical Support: Meta-analyses and systematic reviews consistently demonstrate CBT’s effectiveness in reducing symptoms and improving functioning.
  • Cost-Effectiveness: CBT is often more cost-effective than long-term medication management or other forms of psychotherapy.
  • Skill-Based Approach: CBT equips individuals with coping skills that they can use throughout their lives.
  • Integration with Medication: CBT can be effectively combined with medication for optimal treatment outcomes.

For APRNs, mastering CBT allows for the provision of high quality, evidence based care, that can lead to significant improvements in the lives of their patients.

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