Roles & Responsibilities of the Advanced Nurse Practitioner When Prescribing Medication
Based on and experience, please answer the following questions.
Describe the roles and responsibilities of the APRN when prescribing medication.
Describe the method used to determine what drug therapy to prescribe?
Discuss responsibilities for patient education and teaching based on the prescribed therapy.
Discuss Schedule drugs and prescribing restrictions for each scheduled drug.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
Roles & Responsibilities of the Advanced Nurse Practitioner When Prescribing Medication
Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) play a crucial role in healthcare, particularly in medication management. Their responsibilities extend beyond simply prescribing medications; they encompass comprehensive patient care, education, and adherence to regulatory guidelines. This paper outlines the roles and responsibilities of APRNs when prescribing medication, the methods used to determine appropriate drug therapy, the importance of patient education, and the regulations surrounding scheduled drugs.
Roles and Responsibilities of the APRN When Prescribing Medication
APRNs are equipped with the training and authority to prescribe medications, including controlled substances, depending on state regulations. The key roles and responsibilities include:
1. Assessment: APRNs conduct thorough assessments of patients, including medical history, physical examinations, and diagnostic tests. This holistic approach ensures that any prescribed medication is suitable for the patient’s unique health profile.
2. Diagnosis: Based on their assessments, APRNs are responsible for making accurate clinical diagnoses. This involves identifying health conditions that may require pharmacological intervention.
3. Medication Management: APRNs must evaluate the appropriateness of medications considering factors such as potential drug interactions, contraindications, allergies, and the patient’s overall health status.
4. Monitoring and Follow-up: After prescribing medication, APRNs are responsible for monitoring the patient’s response to therapy. This includes assessing efficacy and side effects and making necessary adjustments to the treatment plan.
5. Collaboration: APRNs often collaborate with other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care. This may involve consulting with physicians or specialists regarding complex cases.
6. Regulatory Compliance: APRNs must adhere to state and federal regulations governing prescribing practices, including maintaining accurate records and renewing prescriptions appropriately.
Method Used to Determine What Drug Therapy to Prescribe
The decision-making process for prescribing medication involves several steps:
1. Clinical Guidelines and Evidence-Based Practice: APRNs rely on clinical guidelines from reputable sources such as the American Academy of Nursing or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Evidence-based practice ensures that prescribed therapies are supported by current research.
2. Patient-Centered Care: Understanding the patient’s preferences and values is essential. APRNs engage patients in discussions about their treatment options to empower informed decision-making.
3. Pharmacological Knowledge: An understanding of pharmacokinetics (how the drug is processed in the body) and pharmacodynamics (the drug’s effects on the body) is crucial. APRNs utilize this knowledge to select medications that will be effective while minimizing adverse effects.
4. Review of Comorbidities and Current Medications: Assessing any comorbid conditions and current medications helps prevent polypharmacy and drug interactions that could jeopardize patient safety.
5. Trial and Adjustment: In some cases, APRNs may start with a low dose of medication to observe how the patient responds before making adjustments based on therapeutic outcomes.
Responsibilities for Patient Education and Teaching Based on the Prescribed Therapy
Patient education is a fundamental responsibility of APRNs when prescribing medication. Key components include:
1. Medication Information: APRNs should inform patients about what the medication is for, how it works, potential side effects, and what to expect while taking it.
2. Dosage Instructions: Clear instructions regarding dosage, timing, and duration of therapy must be provided to ensure adherence and therapeutic effectiveness.
3. Safety Precautions: Patients should be taught about safety measures, such as avoiding certain foods or activities while taking specific medications or recognizing signs of adverse reactions.
4. Lifestyle Modifications: If applicable, APRNs should discuss lifestyle changes that can enhance therapeutic outcomes, such as diet modifications or exercise recommendations.
5. Follow-Up Care: Patients should be informed about the importance of follow-up appointments to assess their response to medication and make necessary adjustments.
Schedule Drugs and Prescribing Restrictions for Each Scheduled Drug
Scheduled drugs (controlled substances) are classified into schedules based on their potential for abuse and medical use:
1. Schedule I: These drugs have a high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use in the U.S., and cannot be prescribed (e.g., heroin, LSD).
2. Schedule II: These have a high potential for abuse but are accepted for medical use with severe restrictions (e.g., oxycodone, morphine). APRNs can prescribe these medications but may need to follow specific state regulations regarding documentation and refills.
3. Schedule III: These have a moderate potential for abuse (e.g., anabolic steroids, ketamine). APRNs can prescribe these with fewer restrictions than Schedule II drugs.
4. Schedule IV: These have a lower potential for abuse (e.g., alprazolam, diazepam). Prescribing is relatively straightforward but still requires careful monitoring.
5. Schedule V: These have the lowest potential for abuse (e.g., cough preparations with less than 200 mg of codeine). They can be prescribed with minimal restrictions.
Prescribing Restrictions
– Refills: Schedule II drugs typically cannot be refilled; a new prescription is necessary. Schedule III-V drugs may have refill limits set by state laws.
– Documentation: APRNs must maintain meticulous records of controlled substance prescriptions, including patient information and dosage details.
– State Regulations: The ability of APRNs to prescribe controlled substances varies by state. Some states require additional certifications or collaborative agreements with physicians for prescribing higher schedule drugs.
Conclusion
The role of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses in prescribing medication is multifaceted and integral to patient care. Their responsibilities encompass thorough assessment, accurate diagnosis, careful medication management, patient education, and adherence to regulatory guidelines regarding controlled substances. By ensuring that their prescribing practices are grounded in evidence-based knowledge and patient-centered principles, APRNs contribute significantly to the health outcomes of their patients while navigating the complexities of medication management in today’s healthcare landscape.
