Answer : 2, 4, 5, 15, 16, 18, 27, 33, 34
2-Look at the following strings of words, and then answer questions (i)–(iv) below.
a. Sally bought computer.
b. I explained him how it work.
c. Bob slept not last night.
d. This my friend is coming over
4.For each of the following strings of words that do not form sentences of English, say whether they are syntactically ill-formed because of word order, a violation in co-occurrence requirements, or both.
a. sleeps Sally
b. Sally is girl
c. Polly is fond of
d. is fond of cats Polly
e. Bob convinced
f. Sally beer drinks
g. Polly gave the book Tom
h. Sally said me that she would be there
i. bought I this present for
j. Sally and arrived
5.In each of the following pairs of sentences, the underlined expression is an argument in one sentence, but an adjunct in the other. Figure out in which sentence it is an argument and in which sentence it is an adjunct. Provide evidence for each answer, citing the relevant properties of adjuncts and arguments.
a. Yesterday was a great day.
Sally had a great day yesterday.
b. Polly seemed excited about her new job.
Bob’s roommate, excited about her new job, got up at 6 A.M. on Monday.
c. The book on the shelf is very dusty.
Sally put the book on the shelf.
d. To study French is something Sally always wanted to do.
Sally went to Paris to study French.
15.Consider the sentence A highly motivated student of mine planned to go to Rome to study Italian.
i. Use the cleft test to show that a highly motivated student is not a constituent in this sentence.
ii. Use the question-answer test to show that to Rome to study Italian is a constituent.
iii. Is to go to Rome to study Italian a constituent or not? Give evidence from all three tests (clefting, question-answer, and substitution).
iv. Is highly motivated student a constituent or not? Give evidence from all three tests.
v. Use the substitution test to show that to Rome is a constituent.
vi. Is planned to go to Rome a constituent or not? Give evidence from all three tests.
vii. Is planned to go to Rome to study Italian a constituent or not? Give evidence from all three tests.
16.Use the constituency tests to break up each of the following sentences into its syntactic constituents. You don’t need to worry about lexical expressions (i.e., individual words). Rather, just determine which phrasal expressions are constituents in each sentence. If the results you get from different constituency tests are inconsistent, use your best judgment in deciding whether something is a constituent or not.
a. Sandy shot the soldier.
b. Leslie said it rained.
c. The girl persuaded Polly to come along.
d. Sally mailed a card to Polly.
e. Polly saw Bob with Sally.
f. Sally put the book on the desk in her study.
18.For each underlined expression below, say which syntactic category it belongs to and give one piece of evidence supporting your answer.
a. My sister is a college student.
b. This girl in my class always wears black.
c. I like that band.
d. I like that.
e. Sally texted Bob last night.
f. Bob mentioned he would be late.
g. I got an email from Sally.
h. Sally sent me a long annoying email.
i. Sally sent me a long annoying email.
j. Sally sent me a long annoying email.
k. Sally rides her bike fast.
l. Sally rides her bike fast.
m. The writing of her latest novel took more time than anticipated.
27.Construct a phrase structure tree for each of the following expressions:
a. for Bob
b. liked the gray cat
c. some fluffy gray dog
d. the man with Sally
e. sent the man an email
f. thought Sally hated Bob
g. barked yesterday
h. fell into the pond
i. drifted slowly under the bridge
j. this silly picture of Pat
k. Chris loved Robin passionately
l. Pat pushed the stubborn horse into the barn
m. A student from my class claimed the teacher disliked him
33.Each of the following forms is lexically ambiguous in terms of syntactic categories. For each one, say what syntactic category each distinct expression corresponds to, and give two examples, each showcasing one of the distinct expressions. The first one is done for you.
a. dislike
dislike of category N: Our dislike of Polly was tremendous.
dislike of category TV: We dislike Polly.
b. mail
c. release
d. hand
e. some
f. hard
34.Each of the following strings of words is structurally ambiguous. For each, construct two phrase structure trees to show that the string of words in question corresponds to two distinct sentences.
a. Polly shot the soldier with a gun.
b. Sally called her friend from France.
c. Bob said she ran fast yesterday.
Sample Solution