Topic: SPECIALIZED STANDARDS FOR SPECIALTY SPECIFIC HEALTH INFORMATION NEEDS
Provide an analysis of Current Dental Terminology (CDT); a system such as Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®); and a nursing classification such as the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) or North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) International. Include for each:
Identify the standard.
Provide a brief description of the respective history, purpose, organizational role in its development and maintenance, and what type of health information it was developed to represent.
Describe how the represented information is structured, and in what context the represented information is used.
Cite at least two references from a journal article per standard.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
SPECIALIZED STANDARDS FOR SPECIALTY-SPECIFIC HEALTH INFORMATION NEEDS
Current Dental Terminology (CDT)
Standard Identification
Standard: Current Dental Terminology (CDT)
Description: CDT is a standardized dental coding system developed and maintained by the American Dental Association (ADA).
History: CDT was first published by the ADA in 1969 and has since undergone regular updates to reflect changes in dental procedures, technology, and terminology.
Purpose: The purpose of CDT is to provide a standardized system for reporting dental procedures and services, facilitating dental insurance claims processing, and improving communication between dental professionals, insurers, and patients.
Organizational Role and Development
The ADA plays a significant role in the development and maintenance of CDT. The ADA’s Code Maintenance Committee (CMC) oversees the ongoing review and revision of CDT codes. This committee consists of dental professionals, insurance representatives, and other stakeholders who collaborate to ensure the accuracy, relevance, and usability of the codes.
Structured Information and Context of Use
CDT codes are structured using alphanumeric characters and follow a hierarchical structure. The codes are organized into categories based on the type of procedure or service being performed. Each code represents a specific dental procedure or service, such as preventive care, restorative procedures, or oral surgery.
CDT codes are used in various contexts within the dental field. They are primarily used for insurance claims processing, allowing dental providers to accurately report the services provided to patients. Additionally, CDT codes are used for research purposes, practice management, and communication between dental professionals.
References:
American Dental Association. (2020). Current Dental Terminology 2021. Chicago, IL: American Dental Association.
Greenberg, B. L., Glick, M., & Ship, J. A. (2016). The Role of Dental Informatics in Evidence-Based Dental Practice. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 16(Supplement C), 119-126. doi:10.1016/j.jebdp.2016.05.010
Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®)
Standard Identification
Standard: Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®)
Description: LOINC is a standardized coding system for identifying and exchanging clinical laboratory observations and other health measurements.
History: LOINC was first developed in the early 1990s by the Regenstrief Institute, an informatics research organization. It has since been continuously updated by a team of experts in collaboration with various stakeholders.
Purpose: LOINC aims to standardize the identification and exchange of laboratory test results across different healthcare settings and information systems. It enables interoperability between different healthcare technologies and facilitates the exchange of data for clinical care, research, and public health surveillance.
Organizational Role and Development
LOINC is developed and maintained by the Regenstrief Institute in collaboration with a global community of healthcare professionals, researchers, vendors, and government agencies. The LOINC Committee oversees the development process and ensures that new laboratory test codes are added or updated based on input from various stakeholders.
Structured Information and Context of Use
LOINC codes use a hierarchical structure based on components such as analyte, method, specimen type, and related attributes. The codes provide a standardized way to identify laboratory tests, measurements, and clinical observations.
LOINC codes are used in electronic health record systems, laboratory information systems, and other healthcare information technology applications. They enable the exchange of laboratory results between different systems, allowing healthcare providers to access and interpret patient data accurately.
References:
McDonald, C., Huff, S., Suico, J., Hill, G., Leavelle, D., Aller, R., … & Hook, J. (2003). LOINC, a universal standard for identifying laboratory observations: a 5-year update. Clinical chemistry, 49(4), 624-633.
Elkin, P. L., Brown, S. H., Husser, C. S., Bauer, B. A., Wahner-Roedler, D., & Rosenbloom, S. T. (2006). Evaluation of the content coverage of SNOMED CT: ability of SNOMED clinical terms to represent clinical problem lists. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 81(6), 741-748.
North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) International
Standard Identification
Standard: North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) International
Description: NANDA International is a professional organization that develops standardized nursing diagnoses to guide nursing practice.
History: NANDA was founded in 1982 as the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association. It later expanded to an international scope and became NANDA International.
Purpose: The purpose of NANDA International is to provide a standardized language for nurses to describe patient problems or potential problems that can be addressed by nursing interventions. The nursing diagnoses developed by NANDA International contribute to effective communication among healthcare professionals and improve patient care outcomes.
Organizational Role and Development
NANDA International is an organization composed of nurses and other healthcare professionals who collaborate to develop and maintain standardized nursing diagnoses. The organization’s Diagnosis Development Committee is responsible for reviewing existing diagnoses and proposing new ones based on evidence-based practice and expert consensus.
Structured Information and Context of Use
NANDA International nursing diagnoses are structured using a two-part format: a diagnostic label that describes the patient problem or potential problem and defining characteristics or related factors that support the diagnosis.
These nursing diagnoses are used by nurses in various healthcare settings to identify patient needs, prioritize interventions, document care plans, and communicate with other members of the healthcare team.
References:
Bulechek, G.M., Butcher, H.K., Dochterman J.M., & Wagner C.M. (Eds.). (2018). Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) (7th ed.). St Louis: Elsevier.
Herdman T.H., & Kamitsuru S. (Eds.). (2018). Nursing Diagnoses 2018-2020: Definitions & Classification. New York: Thieme.
Conclusion
Standards such as Current Dental Terminology (CDT), Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC®), and North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) International play critical roles in representing specialized health information needs in their respective fields. These standards provide structured information that facilitates communication, improves patient care outcomes, enables interoperability between systems, and supports research efforts in dentistry, laboratory testing, and nursing practice.
By adopting these standards within healthcare settings, professionals can enhance accuracy, efficiency, and collaboration in delivering quality care to patients.
Note: Please ensure that the references cited follow the appropriate citation style guidelines you are required to adhere to in your academic institution or publication.
