You work at a credit card company and you would like to predict new cardholders credit card balances based on a number of factors. This dataset only contains information on cardholders who maintain a balance at some point during a month (that is, their balances are not zero). The credit card company does have customers who do not have a credit card balance (because they are not using their cards), but this analysis is only examining active card users. Your business questions are: What variables effectively contribute to predicting active cardholders credit card balances? and What credit card balance might a new active cardholder hold depending on certain variables?
Variables: The variables in this dataset include:
Income: Annual income, in dollars
Limit: Credit limit for credit card, in dollars
Rating: A credit rating calculated by the credit card company. (Not the same as a typical
credit score)
Age: Age in years
Education: Number of years of education
Student: Whether or not the cardholder is a student (No = 0, Yes = 1)
Gender: The gender of the cardholder (Male = 0, Female = 1)
Married: Whether or not the cardholder is married (No = 0, Yes = 1)
Balance: The amount of each cardholders balance, in dollars
Assignment Steps:
Carry out the steps below to complete the assignment, then answer the questions in the Module 3 Assignment Quiz on Brightspace. The quiz questions are included here, with their numbers, if you prefer to answer them as you are doing the assignment and enter them in the Brightspace quiz all at once (multiple choice questions are labeled MC).
Generate summary statistics for the variables in the Credit.csv dataset.
Quiz question #1: How many cardholders in the full dataset are students?
Partition the dataset into a training set and a validation set (following the method used in the lecture code car_regression_ex.R)
**IMPORTANT #1: Because this dataset is smaller than the one used in the video example, divide the dataset 50-50 rather than 70-30 as was done in the video example.
**IMPORTANT #2: In order to get results that align with the correct answers in the assignment quiz, when you are partitioning your dataset you MUST set the seed value to 42 using the set.seed () function. If you do not do this, you will not be able to reproduce the answers that correspond with the assignment quiz.
Create a correlation matrix with the quantitative variables in the training dataframe.
Quiz question #2: Looking at the correlation matrix, which pair of variables has the strongest correlation? (MC)
Conduct a multiple regression analysis using the training dataframe with Balance as the outcome variable and all the other variables in the dataset as predictor variables.
Quiz question #3: What is the slope coefficient for the Rating variable?
Calculate the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) for all predictor variables.
Quiz question #4: What is the VIF for the Limit variable?
Quiz question #5: What problem does the VIF for Limit suggest that we have with the analysis? (MC)
Conduct a new multiple regression analysis using the training dataframe with Balance as the outcome variable and Income, Rating, Age, Education, Student, Gender, and Married as predictor variables.
Quiz question #6: What is the new slope coefficient for the Rating variable?
Create a residual plot and a normal probability plot using the results of the regression analysis in Step (6).
Quiz question #7: What pattern do you see in the residual plot? (MC)
Quiz question #8: What does this pattern tell you? (MC)
Quiz question #9: What pattern do you see in the normal probability plot? (MC)
Quiz question #10: What does this pattern tell you? (MC)
Examine the regression output from Step (6).
Quiz question #11: Which predictor variables have statistically significant relationships with the outcome variable, Balance? (MC)
Conduct a new multiple regression analysis using the training dataframe with Balance as the outcome variable and only the variables with statistically significant relationships with Balance (identified in Step (8)) as predictors.
Quiz question #12: What is the slope coefficient for the Age variable?
Quiz question #13: How would you interpret the slope coefficient for the Rating variable? (MC)
Quiz question #14: How would you interpret the slope coefficient for the Student variable? (MC)
Quiz question #15: What is the adjusted R2 for this regression analysis?
Quiz question #16: How can this adjusted R2 value be interpreted? (MC)
Quiz question #17: What is the standardized slope coefficient for the Income variable?
Quiz question #18: Looking at the standardized slope coefficients, which variable makes the strongest unique contribution to predicting credit card balance? (MC)
Conduct a final multiple regression analysis using the validation dataframe with Balance as the outcome variable and only the variables with statistically significant relationships with Balance (the same variables as in Step (9) as predictors.
Quiz question #19: What is the new slope coefficient for the Rating variable?
Using the data contained in the csv file credit_card_prediction.csv, predict the credit card balances for three new cardholders, with 95% prediction intervals.
Quiz question #20: What is the predicted balance for new cardholder #1?
Quiz question #21: What is the 95% prediction interval for the predicted balance for new cardholder #2?
could you answer theses Question
Q3/ What is the slope coefficient for the Rating variable? (Round to 3 decimal places)Q4/ What is the VIF for the Limit variable? (Round to 3 decimal places)
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
To answer your questions regarding the slope coefficient for the Rating variable and the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) for the Limit variable, we first need to ensure we have a solid understanding of the steps involved in performing a multiple regression analysis and calculating VIF. Since I can’t directly analyze datasets or run code, I will guide you through the process you would follow in R or Python, so you can obtain these results.
Step-by-Step Guide to Obtain Slope Coefficient and VIF
Step 1: Load the Data
First, load your dataset using R or Python libraries. For example, in R:
data <- read.csv(“Credit.csv”)
Step 2: Summary Statistics
Generate summary statistics to understand your dataset.
summary(data)
Step 3: Count Students
To find out how many cardholders are students:
n_students <- sum(data$Student == 1)
print(n_students) # This will give you the number of students.
Quiz Question #1: How many cardholders in the full dataset are students?
– You would print n_students.
Step 4: Partition the Dataset
Using a 50-50 split for training and validation sets, set the seed and partition:
set.seed(42)
train_indices <- sample(1:nrow(data), nrow(data) / 2)
train_data <- data[train_indices, ]
valid_data <- data[-train_indices, ]
Step 5: Create a Correlation Matrix
Calculate the correlation matrix for quantitative variables:
cor_matrix <- cor(train_data[, c(“Income”, “Limit”, “Rating”, “Age”, “Education”, “Balance”)])
print(cor_matrix)
Quiz Question #2: Identify the strongest correlation
– Review the matrix to find the highest absolute correlation value.
Step 6: Multiple Regression Analysis
Conduct multiple regression analysis with Balance as the outcome variable:
model1 <- lm(Balance ~ Income + Limit + Rating + Age + Education + Student + Gender + Married, data = train_data)
summary(model1)
Quiz Question #3: What is the slope coefficient for the Rating variable?
– Look for the coefficient corresponding to Rating in the regression output. Round it to three decimal places.
Step 7: Calculate VIF
Calculate VIF for each predictor variable:
library(car) # Ensure you have the car package installed
vif_values <- vif(model1)
print(vif_values)
Quiz Question #4: What is the VIF for the Limit variable?
– Find the VIF value corresponding to Limit in your output and round it to three decimal places.
Example Outputs
If we assume you run all necessary code correctly, you will find:
– Slope coefficient for Rating (Example output): 0.123 (this is illustrative; you will get your own value).
– VIF for Limit (Example output): 5.678 (again, illustrative; run your own code).
Conclusion
Once you run through these steps in R or Python with your actual dataset, you’ll get precise numbers for Quiz Questions #3 and #4. Remember that your actual dataset will yield different outcomes based on its characteristics and data distributions.
If you need any further assistance with specific outputs or interpretations, feel free to ask!
