Choose one example of a civil rights movement in the US context. Briefly explain the history of that movement and what the Constitution says about the rights this movement has been pursuing. Then provide evidence for the current state of right for your chosen group to help you analyze how far the movement has come and where there is still need for improvement. Try to focus on causal explanations, e.g. what has helped movements achieve success, what has perhaps stood in the way of success?
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
The Civil Rights Movement: African Americans’ Pursuit of Equality
The Civil Rights Movement in the United States was a pivotal struggle for African Americans to secure equal rights and end racial segregation and discrimination. This movement, which predominantly took place in the 1950s and 1960s, sought to address the systemic racism and inequality faced by African Americans across various aspects of society.
The Constitution of the United States guarantees several rights that the Civil Rights Movement sought to secure for African Americans. One of the primary documents within the Constitution is the Fourteenth Amendment, which was ratified in 1868. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction equal protection of the laws. This amendment aimed to ensure equal protection under the law for all individuals, regardless of their race.
Additionally, the Fifteenth Amendment, ratified in 1870, prohibits the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. This amendment aimed to grant African American men the right to vote, although it took substantial time and effort for this right to be fully realized.
Despite these constitutional protections, African Americans faced widespread discrimination and segregation in various aspects of their lives, including education, employment, housing, and public facilities. The Civil Rights Movement emerged as a response to these injustices, advocating for meaningful change and equality.
Significant milestones in the Civil Rights Movement include the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955-1956, where African Americans boycotted segregated buses following Rosa Parks’ arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white person. This boycott led to a Supreme Court ruling that declared segregated buses unconstitutional.
Another pivotal moment was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in 1963, where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech. This event brought attention to the movement’s demands for desegregation, voting rights, and economic equality.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were significant legislative achievements that resulted from the Civil Rights Movement. The Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, employment, and federally funded programs. The Voting Rights Act aimed to remove barriers that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote.
While significant progress has been made since the Civil Rights Movement, challenges persist in achieving full equality for African Americans. Ongoing issues include racial disparities in areas such as criminal justice, education, wealth accumulation, and healthcare.
Causal explanations for both successes and barriers in the Civil Rights Movement can be attributed to several factors. Strategies such as nonviolent protests, civil disobedience, and grassroots organizing played a crucial role in mobilizing support and raising awareness about racial injustice. Influential leaders like Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, and Malcolm X provided moral guidance and galvanized public opinion.
However, resistance from white supremacists, including acts of violence and intimidation, hindered progress during the movement. The deep-rooted nature of racism in American society also presented obstacles to achieving lasting change.
To analyze the current state of rights for African Americans, we can look at various indicators. For instance:
Criminal Justice: Disproportionate rates of arrests, sentencing disparities, and overrepresentation in the prison system persist among African Americans.
Education: Achievement gaps between African American students and their white counterparts still exist, particularly in terms of graduation rates and access to quality educational resources.
Wealth Gap: African Americans continue to face significant wealth disparities compared to white Americans, resulting from historical discrimination and limited access to economic opportunities.
Healthcare: Disparities in healthcare access and outcomes persist among African Americans, including higher rates of chronic diseases and lower life expectancy compared to white Americans.
While progress has been made since the Civil Rights Movement, these examples highlight the need for continued efforts to address systemic racism and achieve true equality for African Americans.
In conclusion, the Civil Rights Movement was a critical period in U.S. history where African Americans fought for their constitutional rights and equal treatment under the law. Though significant achievements were made during this time, ongoing challenges remain in achieving full equality. By acknowledging the causal factors that facilitated success while recognizing barriers such as racism and resistance, we can continue working towards a more just society for all.
