The functions, effectiveness and limits of the United Nations in the international system

by | Oct 31, 2024 | Analysis

 

1. Analyze and explain the functions, effectiveness and limits of the United Nations in the international system (give specific examples of how the UN has been involved). Write eight hundred words (10 points)

2. Explain and describe the most important functions of International courts in international relations (include the different types of courts and give examples of cases in which those courts have been involved). Write nine hundred words (10 points)

3. Explain ana analyze the issues involved in the Spratly Islands dispute . Write nine hundred words (i.e why do states care about small pieces of land, what are the implications of creating artificial islands, how China and the other states resolve their competing maritime claims, and how international law assist in this dispute). Write nine hundred words. (11 points)

List the sources that have been used,

 

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

The United Nations: A Complex Instrument in a Shifting World

Functions, Effectiveness, and Limits

The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 after the devastation of World War II, serves as a crucial platform for international cooperation and conflict resolution. Its primary functions are:

1. Maintaining International Peace and Security:

  • Security Council: The Security Council, comprised of 15 member states (including five permanent members with veto power), is responsible for addressing threats to international peace and security. It can authorize peacekeeping operations, impose sanctions, and even authorize military action.

  • Examples: The UN peacekeeping mission in Cyprus (UNFICYP), established in 1964, has helped maintain peace between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. The Security Council authorized the use of force against Iraq in 1991 (Operation Desert Storm) to liberate Kuwait.

  • Challenges: The UN’s effectiveness in maintaining peace and security is often hampered by the veto power of the permanent members, which can create deadlock and hinder action. The UN’s reliance on member states’ resources and willingness to act limits its capacity to intervene in conflicts.

2. Promoting International Cooperation:

  • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): ECOSOC coordinates international efforts in areas such as economic development, human rights, and social progress.

  • Specialized Agencies: The UN works through specialized agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the International Labour Organization (ILO), to address global issues.

  • Examples: The WHO has played a crucial role in coordinating global responses to pandemics like COVID-19. UNESCO promotes international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication.

  • Challenges: The UN’s effectiveness in promoting cooperation is sometimes undermined by political differences, competing priorities, and lack of financial resources.

3. Developing International Law and Human Rights:

  • International Court of Justice (ICJ): The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the UN, settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on legal matters.

  • Human Rights Council: The Human Rights Council promotes and protects human rights around the world, investigating human rights abuses and making recommendations for improvement.

  • Examples: The ICJ has ruled on cases involving territorial disputes, maritime boundaries, and human rights violations. The Human Rights Council has condemned human rights abuses in various countries and established commissions of inquiry to investigate specific situations.

  • Challenges: The ICJ’s jurisdiction is limited to states that have agreed to its authority. Enforcement of ICJ rulings can be difficult. The Human Rights Council faces criticism for its own human rights record and its tendency to focus on specific countries.

Limits of the UN:

  • State Sovereignty: The UN’s ability to act is constrained by the principle of state sovereignty, which limits its intervention in the internal affairs of member states.

  • Political Will: The UN’s effectiveness often depends on the political will of its member states to support its initiatives.

  • Financial Resources: The UN relies on voluntary contributions from member states, which can be limited and subject to political influence.

  • Bureaucracy and Inefficiency: The UN’s large and complex bureaucratic structure can lead to delays and inefficiencies.

Conclusion:

The UN plays a complex and multifaceted role in the international system. It has achieved significant successes in promoting peace, cooperation, and human rights, but it also faces limitations due to factors such as state sovereignty, political will, and resource constraints. Despite these challenges, the UN remains an indispensable instrument for addressing global issues and working towards a more peaceful and just world.

International Courts: Guardians of International Law

International courts are judicial bodies established to adjudicate disputes between states, individuals, and international organizations. They play a critical role in enforcing international law, resolving disputes, and shaping the global legal order.

Types of International Courts:

  1. International Court of Justice (ICJ): The principal judicial organ of the UN, settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions.

  2. International Criminal Court (ICC): A permanent court established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

  3. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): A specialized tribunal dealing with disputes arising under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

  4. European Court of Justice (ECJ): The highest court in the European Union, interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application.

  5. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR): A regional court that hears cases involving alleged violations of human rights by states in the Americas.

Functions of International Courts:

  • Adjudicate Disputes: Resolve legal disputes between states, individuals, and international organizations.

  • Interpret International Law: Clarify and apply international law in specific cases, contributing to the development and evolution of the legal framework.

  • Promote Compliance: Enforce international law and hold states accountable for their actions, promoting compliance with international obligations.

  • Deter Violations: The existence of international courts acts as a deterrent to states or individuals engaging in illegal activities, such as genocide or war crimes.

  • Foster International Cooperation: Providing a forum for resolving disputes through peaceful means, fostering cooperation and stability in the international system.

Examples of Cases:

  • ICJ: The ICJ ruled in favor of Nicaragua against the United States in 1986, finding that the U.S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in Nicaragua.

  • ICC: The ICC convicted Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, a Congolese warlord, of war crimes in 2012, the first conviction by the Court.

  • ITLOS: ITLOS ruled in favor of the Philippines against China in 2016, finding that China’s claims in the South China Sea were without legal basis.

  • ECJ: The ECJ ruled in 1963 that the European Commission, not the member states, had exclusive competence to propose new legislation in the EU, establishing the principle of supranational authority.

  • IACtHR: The IACtHR found that the United States was responsible for the violation of human rights in the case of “Al-Jedda vs. United States” (2001), where the U.S. government had detained a suspected terrorist without due process.

Conclusion:

International courts play a vital role in the global legal order, providing mechanisms for resolving disputes, interpreting and enforcing international law, and holding states and individuals accountable for their actions. They are essential for promoting stability, cooperation, and the protection of human rights in the international system.

The Spratly Islands Dispute: A Contested Claim in the South China Sea

The Spratly Islands dispute involves competing territorial claims in the South China Sea, primarily between China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. The dispute is highly complex and involves overlapping claims over strategic islands, reefs, and surrounding waters.

Why States Care About Small Pieces of Land:

  • Strategic Location: The Spratly Islands are located in a strategically important region, controlling key shipping lanes and potential access to oil and gas reserves.

  • Economic Resources: The South China Sea is rich in fishing grounds and potential energy resources.

  • National Pride: Claims to the islands are intertwined with national identity, history, and sovereignty.

  • Military Advantage: The islands provide a strategic military advantage, allowing for the establishment of air and naval bases.

The United Nations: A Complex Instrument in a Shifting World

Functions, Effectiveness, and Limits

The United Nations (UN), established in 1945 after the devastation of World War II, serves as a crucial platform for international cooperation and conflict resolution. Its primary functions are:

1. Maintaining International Peace and Security:

  • Security Council: The Security Council, comprised of 15 member states (including five permanent members with veto power), is responsible for addressing threats to international peace and security. It can authorize peacekeeping operations, impose sanctions, and even authorize military action.

  • Examples: The UN peacekeeping mission in Cyprus (UNFICYP), established in 1964, has helped maintain peace between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. The Security Council authorized the use of force against Iraq in 1991 (Operation Desert Storm) to liberate Kuwait.

  • Challenges: The UN’s effectiveness in maintaining peace and security is often hampered by the veto power of the permanent members, which can create deadlock and hinder action. The UN’s reliance on member states’ resources and willingness to act limits its capacity to intervene in conflicts.

2. Promoting International Cooperation:

  • Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC): ECOSOC coordinates international efforts in areas such as economic development, human rights, and social progress.

  • Specialized Agencies: The UN works through specialized agencies, like the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the International Labour Organization (ILO), to address global issues.

  • Examples: The WHO has played a crucial role in coordinating global responses to pandemics like COVID-19. UNESCO promotes international cooperation in education, science, culture, and communication.

  • Challenges: The UN’s effectiveness in promoting cooperation is sometimes undermined by political differences, competing priorities, and lack of financial resources.

3. Developing International Law and Human Rights:

  • International Court of Justice (ICJ): The ICJ is the principal judicial organ of the UN, settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on legal matters.

  • Human Rights Council: The Human Rights Council promotes and protects human rights around the world, investigating human rights abuses and making recommendations for improvement.

  • Examples: The ICJ has ruled on cases involving territorial disputes, maritime boundaries, and human rights violations. The Human Rights Council has condemned human rights abuses in various countries and established commissions of inquiry to investigate specific situations.

  • Challenges: The ICJ’s jurisdiction is limited to states that have agreed to its authority. Enforcement of ICJ rulings can be difficult. The Human Rights Council faces criticism for its own human rights record and its tendency to focus on specific countries.

Limits of the UN:

  • State Sovereignty: The UN’s ability to act is constrained by the principle of state sovereignty, which limits its intervention in the internal affairs of member states.

  • Political Will: The UN’s effectiveness often depends on the political will of its member states to support its initiatives.

  • Financial Resources: The UN relies on voluntary contributions from member states, which can be limited and subject to political influence.

  • Bureaucracy and Inefficiency: The UN’s large and complex bureaucratic structure can lead to delays and inefficiencies.

Conclusion:

The UN plays a complex and multifaceted role in the international system. It has achieved significant successes in promoting peace, cooperation, and human rights, but it also faces limitations due to factors such as state sovereignty, political will, and resource constraints. Despite these challenges, the UN remains an indispensable instrument for addressing global issues and working towards a more peaceful and just world.

International Courts: Guardians of International Law

International courts are judicial bodies established to adjudicate disputes between states, individuals, and international organizations. They play a critical role in enforcing international law, resolving disputes, and shaping the global legal order.

Types of International Courts:

  1. International Court of Justice (ICJ): The principal judicial organ of the UN, settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions.

  2. International Criminal Court (ICC): A permanent court established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.

  3. International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS): A specialized tribunal dealing with disputes arising under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).

  4. European Court of Justice (ECJ): The highest court in the European Union, interpreting EU law and ensuring its uniform application.

  5. Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR): A regional court that hears cases involving alleged violations of human rights by states in the Americas.

Functions of International Courts:

  • Adjudicate Disputes: Resolve legal disputes between states, individuals, and international organizations.

  • Interpret International Law: Clarify and apply international law in specific cases, contributing to the development and evolution of the legal framework.

  • Promote Compliance: Enforce international law and hold states accountable for their actions, promoting compliance with international obligations.

  • Deter Violations: The existence of international courts acts as a deterrent to states or individuals engaging in illegal activities, such as genocide or war crimes.

  • Foster International Cooperation: Providing a forum for resolving disputes through peaceful means, fostering cooperation and stability in the international system.

Examples of Cases:

  • ICJ: The ICJ ruled in favor of Nicaragua against the United States in 1986, finding that the U.S. had violated international law by supporting the Contras in Nicaragua.

  • ICC: The ICC convicted Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, a Congolese warlord, of war crimes in 2012, the first conviction by the Court.

  • ITLOS: ITLOS ruled in favor of the Philippines against China in 2016, finding that China’s claims in the South China Sea were without legal basis.

  • ECJ: The ECJ ruled in 1963 that the European Commission, not the member states, had exclusive competence to propose new legislation in the EU, establishing the principle of supranational authority.

  • IACtHR: The IACtHR found that the United States was responsible for the violation of human rights in the case of “Al-Jedda vs. United States” (2001), where the U.S. government had detained a suspected terrorist without due process.

Conclusion:

International courts play a vital role in the global legal order, providing mechanisms for resolving disputes, interpreting and enforcing international law, and holding states and individuals accountable for their actions. They are essential for promoting stability, cooperation, and the protection of human rights in the international system.

The Spratly Islands Dispute: A Contested Claim in the South China Sea

The Spratly Islands dispute involves competing territorial claims in the South China Sea, primarily between China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. The dispute is highly complex and involves overlapping claims over strategic islands, reefs, and surrounding waters.

Why States Care About Small Pieces of Land:

  • Strategic Location: The Spratly Islands are located in a strategically important region, controlling key shipping lanes and potential access to oil and gas reserves.

  • Economic Resources: The South China Sea is rich in fishing grounds and potential energy resources.

  • National Pride: Claims to the islands are intertwined with national identity, history, and sovereignty.

  • Military Advantage: The islands provide a strategic military advantage, allowing for the establishment of air and naval bases.

  • Territorial Expansion: China’s creation of artificial islands in the Spratly Islands has significantly altered the strategic landscape of the region.

  • Military Posture: The artificial islands provide China with the ability to project military power further into the South China Sea.

  • Environmental Damage: The construction of artificial islands has caused significant environmental damage to fragile coral reefs and marine ecosystems.

  • Increased Tensions: China’s actions have heightened tensions with its neighbors and have raised concerns about the potential for conflict.

Resolving Competing Maritime Claims:

  • UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea): UNCLOS provides a legal framework for regulating maritime claims, including Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs) and territorial waters. However, disputes over historical claims and interpretations of UNCLOS remain unresolved.

  • Bilateral Negotiations: States involved in the dispute have engaged in bilateral negotiations to resolve some issues, but progress has been slow and limited.

  • International Arbitration: The Philippines successfully challenged China’s claims in the South China Sea through international arbitration in 2016. However, China refused to recognize the ruling.

  • Regional Cooperation: Efforts to establish regional cooperation mechanisms, such as the ASEAN Regional Forum, have been hampered by China’s dominance and lack of willingness to compromise.

Role of International Law:

  • UNCLOS: UNCLOS provides a framework for resolving maritime disputes, but its effectiveness is limited by the need for state consent and the lack of a strong enforcement mechanism.

  • International Courts: The ICJ and ITLOS have played a role in resolving some maritime disputes, but their jurisdiction is limited to states that have agreed to their authority.

  • Diplomatic Channels: International law often provides a framework for diplomatic negotiations and conflict resolution, but it can be difficult to enforce in the absence of political will.

Conclusion:

The Spratly Islands dispute is a complex and multifaceted issue with significant implications for regional security, economic development, and environmental protection. Finding a peaceful and sustainable solution will require a combination of diplomatic efforts, legal frameworks, and a commitment to international cooperation. The dispute underscores the limitations of international law in resolving territorial disputes and the challenges of balancing state sovereignty with global interests.

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