Topic A: Animal Rights
Assuming the research by DeWaal is correct, most if not all social animals have innate dispositions to cooperate for survival and as such, develop moral codes for behavior. As such, should humans not work more to ensure animals have basic rights even if they cannot ask for them? What rights should those be and is there some sort of hierarchy (should dogs have more rights than mice).
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
The Moral Imperative of Animal Rights: A Call for Ethical Consideration
In a world where social animals exhibit innate dispositions towards cooperation and the development of moral codes for survival, the question of animal rights becomes not merely a choice but a moral imperative for humanity. Research by De Waal and other prominent ethologists sheds light on the complex social structures and ethical considerations present in the animal kingdom, challenging us to reconsider our treatment of non-human beings. As such, it is essential for humans to work towards ensuring that animals are afforded basic rights, even if they cannot articulate them in human terms. This essay aims to explore the rationale behind advocating for animal rights, propose fundamental rights that should be extended to all beings, and discuss the concept of a rights hierarchy based on species.
The Ethical Case for Animal Rights
The foundation of the argument for animal rights lies in recognizing that animals, like humans, are sentient beings capable of experiencing pain, pleasure, and emotions. Their ability to form social bonds, exhibit empathy, and display complex behaviors underscores their capacity for consciousness and the need for ethical consideration. If social animals develop moral codes for cooperative living, it follows that humans, as the most cognitively advanced species, bear a responsibility to protect and respect these inherent values in all creatures.
By acknowledging the intrinsic worth of animals and their right to live free from unnecessary suffering, we align ourselves with principles of compassion and justice. Ethical frameworks such as utilitarianism and deontology support the notion that sentient beings deserve moral consideration based on their capacity to experience well-being and harm. To ignore the plight of animals subjected to cruelty, exploitation, or neglect is to turn a blind eye to our shared moral obligations as stewards of the Earth.
Fundamental Rights for Animals
In delineating the basic rights that should be extended to animals, we must prioritize those that safeguard their well-being and autonomy. These rights serve as a foundation for fostering a more humane and equitable relationship between humans and animals:
1. Right to Life: All animals have a fundamental right to exist and live free from intentional harm or destruction.
2. Right to Freedom: Animals should not be subjected to confinement or captivity that impedes their natural behaviors or causes distress.
3. Right to Bodily Integrity: Animals deserve protection from unnecessary pain, injury, or mutilation inflicted upon their bodies.
4. Right to Natural Behaviors: Animals should have the opportunity to express their species-specific behaviors in environments conducive to their psychological and physical health.
5. Right to Protection: Animals are entitled to legal safeguards against cruelty, exploitation, and neglect, with enforceable mechanisms for addressing violations of their rights.
These rights collectively form a framework for promoting respect, empathy, and justice towards animals, reflecting our evolving understanding of their intrinsic value and moral significance.
The Concept of a Rights Hierarchy
In considering whether there exists a hierarchy of rights among different species, it is essential to approach this question with nuance and ethical discernment. While all animals share a common capacity for sentience and deserve basic protections, the diversity of species and their respective needs may warrant tailored considerations within a rights framework.
For example, companion animals like dogs or cats, who have historically coevolved with humans and formed unique interspecies relationships, may be granted additional rights related to companionship, care, and protection. On the other hand, wild animals or those with less domesticated histories may require rights focused on habitat preservation, conservation efforts, and non-interference in their natural behaviors.
Rather than establishing a rigid hierarchy based on arbitrary distinctions of worth or intelligence, a more ethical approach involves recognizing the inherent value of each species within its ecological context. By acknowledging the interconnectedness of all life forms and the interdependence of ecosystems, we can cultivate a more inclusive and holistic understanding of animal rights that transcends anthropocentric biases.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the pursuit of animal rights is not merely a moral choice but a reflection of our shared ethical responsibility towards sentient beings who cohabit our planet. By advocating for fundamental rights grounded in compassion, empathy, and justice, we affirm our commitment to fostering a more humane and equitable world for all creatures. While considerations of species-specific needs and contexts may inform the application of rights principles, the underlying principle remains constant: every animal deserves to be treated with dignity, respect, and consideration for their inherent worth. As stewards of this shared Earth, let us strive to uphold the moral imperative of animal rights as an essential cornerstone of our ethical evolution.
