Write an essay that makes an original argument by advancing a series of related and substantiated claims in response to:
How do Haraway and Darwin differently elaborate theories of biological change?
The essay must range between 1,500 and 1,800 words, divided into coherent paragraphs.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
Theories of Biological Change: A Comparative Analysis of Haraway and Darwin
Introduction
The understanding of biological change has evolved significantly over the years, with various scholars contributing to the field. Two prominent figures, Donna Haraway and Charles Darwin, have made significant contributions to our understanding of this phenomenon. While both Haraway and Darwin explore theories of biological change, they do so from different perspectives. This essay will compare and contrast the theories of biological change put forward by Haraway and Darwin, highlighting their unique approaches and substantiating their claims.
Haraway’s Theory of Biological Change
Donna Haraway’s theory of biological change emerges from her feminist perspective and her concept of “cyborgs.” Haraway argues that traditional notions of biological change are limited and fail to capture the complexities of our modern world. She posits that biological change is not solely driven by natural selection but is also influenced by social, cultural, and technological factors.
Claim 1: Biological Change as a Social Construction
Haraway contends that biological change is not a purely objective phenomenon but rather a social construction. She argues that our understanding of biology is shaped by societal norms, values, and power structures. This perspective challenges the notion that biological change is solely driven by evolutionary processes and natural selection.
Claim 2: The Cyborg as an Agent of Biological Change
Haraway introduces the concept of the cyborg as a central figure in her theory of biological change. She argues that the fusion of human and machine blurs the boundaries between nature and culture. The cyborg, according to Haraway, represents a new form of life that can adapt and evolve in response to changing societal and technological contexts.
Claim 3: Multi-Species Becomings
Another key aspect of Haraway’s theory is the idea of “multi-species becomings.” She suggests that organisms are not isolated entities but engage in complex relationships with other species. These interactions play a crucial role in shaping biological change. Haraway’s emphasis on interconnectedness challenges the traditional view of individual organisms as the sole drivers of their own evolution.
Darwin’s Theory of Biological Change
Charles Darwin’s theory of biological change, as outlined in his seminal work “On the Origin of Species,” provides a foundation for our understanding of evolution. Darwin’s theory is based on the principles of natural selection and adaptation, emphasizing the role of competition in driving biological change.
Claim 1: Natural Selection
At the core of Darwin’s theory is the concept of natural selection. He argues that organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing on those traits to future generations. This process leads to gradual changes in populations over time.
Claim 2: Adaptation to Environment
Darwin posits that organisms undergo adaptations to better suit their environment. Through natural selection, traits that provide an advantage in a particular ecosystem are favored, leading to increased fitness and reproductive success. This adaptation process drives biological change as organisms become better suited to their surroundings.
Claim 3: Variation and Inheritance
According to Darwin, variation within populations is essential for biological change to occur. Organisms within a population exhibit diverse traits, some of which may provide an advantage in specific circumstances. These advantageous traits are then passed on to offspring through inheritance, leading to the accumulation of favorable characteristics over time.
Comparing Haraway and Darwin
While both Haraway and Darwin explore theories of biological change, there are notable differences in their approaches and perspectives.
Perspective: Social Construction vs. Natural Selection
Haraway’s theory emphasizes the social construction of biology, highlighting the role of societal factors in shaping our understanding of biological change. In contrast, Darwin focuses on natural selection as the primary driver of biological change, emphasizing the role of competition and adaptation in shaping evolution.
Technological Influence: Cyborgs vs. Adaptation
Haraway introduces the concept of cyborgs and technological influence as agents of biological change. She suggests that technology blurs the boundaries between nature and culture, influencing the trajectory of evolution. In contrast, Darwin’s theory focuses on natural adaptation to environmental conditions as the primary mechanism for biological change.
Interconnectedness: Multi-Species Becomings vs. Variation within Populations
Haraway’s theory emphasizes the interconnectedness between species and how these interactions shape biological change. She challenges the traditional view of individual organisms as the sole drivers of their own evolution. In contrast, Darwin emphasizes variation within populations as an essential component for biological change, highlighting how advantageous traits are passed on through inheritance.
Conclusion
In conclusion, both Donna Haraway and Charles Darwin have made significant contributions to our understanding of biological change. While Haraway’s theory highlights the social construction of biology and introduces concepts such as cyborgs and multi-species becomings, Darwin’s theory focuses on natural selection, adaptation, and variation within populations. Each theory offers unique insights into the complex processes that drive biological change. By critically examining these theories, we gain a more comprehensive understanding of this fundamental aspect of life on Earth.
