Explain the specific steps that you would take to gain an understanding of the company’s system of internal control. Provide a rationale for your approach.
Identify one entity-level control and one transaction-level control that you would expect to see in the company’s revenue process. Explain why you would expect to see these two controls.
Identify two methods that you would use to design and test controls. Provide a rationale for why you selected these two methods.
Develop a plan to incorporate audit data analytics (ADA). Explain how the plan would support: risk assessment, evidence evaluation, and substantive procedures.
Recommend a framework for sampling and testing key transactions and account balances. Provide a rationale for your proposed framework.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
Understanding and Evaluating Internal Control Systems in a Company
Steps to Gain an Understanding of the Company’s System of Internal Control
To effectively understand a company’s system of internal control, the following steps should be taken:
1. Preliminary Assessment: Begin with a review of the company’s organizational structure, policies, and procedures related to internal controls. This will provide an overview of the systems in place.
Rationale: A preliminary assessment helps identify the key areas of focus within the internal control system and allows for targeted inquiries during further analysis.
2. Interviews and Discussions: Conduct interviews with key personnel, including management, internal auditors, and staff involved in the revenue process. Gather insights on their perception of the effectiveness and efficiency of current controls.
Rationale: Engaging with personnel provides qualitative data that can highlight strengths and weaknesses within the control system that may not be evident from documentation alone.
3. Documentation Review: Examine internal control documentation, including flowcharts, policies, and descriptions of key controls. Focus on understanding the design and implementation of these controls.
Rationale: A thorough review of documentation allows for a comparison between what is intended and what is actually practiced within the organization.
4. Observation: Observe the operations of the revenue process in real-time. This can include monitoring transactions, processes, and interactions among employees.
Rationale: Direct observation helps to validate whether controls are functioning as intended and whether employees adhere to established procedures.
5. Walkthroughs: Perform walkthroughs of specific processes to follow a transaction from initiation to completion. This includes tracing a sample transaction through the entire cycle.
Rationale: Walkthroughs provide practical insight into how controls operate in practice and help identify potential gaps or inefficiencies.
Expected Entity-Level Control and Transaction-Level Control
Entity-Level Control: Code of Conduct
Why Expect to See This Control: An effective code of conduct serves as an overarching framework that establishes ethical standards and compliance expectations for all employees. This control promotes integrity and accountability throughout the organization, which is essential for maintaining an effective internal control environment.
Transaction-Level Control: Segregation of Duties
Why Expect to See This Control: Segregation of duties is a fundamental transaction-level control that prevents fraud and errors by ensuring that no single individual has control over all aspects of a transaction. For example, different individuals may be responsible for order entry, payment processing, and account reconciliation. This separation mitigates risk by ensuring that checks and balances are in place.
Methods for Designing and Testing Controls
1. Control Design Assessment
– Rationale: This method involves evaluating the design of existing controls to ensure they adequately address identified risks. It focuses on whether controls are properly structured to prevent or detect errors and fraud before they occur.
2. Test of Controls (Operating Effectiveness)
– Rationale: Testing controls involves examining how well controls operate over a defined period. For example, this could involve selecting a sample of transactions to see if segregation of duties was maintained during the transaction processing. This method provides evidence on whether controls are functioning effectively in practice.
Plan to Incorporate Audit Data Analytics (ADA)
Plan Overview
1. Risk Assessment:
– Use ADA tools to analyze historical transaction data for anomalies or patterns that may indicate control weaknesses or areas of higher risk.
– Create visual dashboards to track key performance indicators related to revenue and internal controls.
2. Evidence Evaluation:
– Leverage ADA to conduct trend analysis and outlier detection on revenue streams to assess consistency with expected results.
– Cross-reference transactional data against documented policies to evaluate adherence to controls.
3. Substantive Procedures:
– Implement ADA techniques such as sampling techniques and regression analysis to substantively test account balances or revenue recognition.
– Utilize data visualization tools to present findings and support decision-making processes during the audit.
How It Supports Audit Processes
– Risk Assessment: ADA enhances risk assessment by identifying unusual transactions or trends that warrant further investigation.
– Evidence Evaluation: The use of data analytics allows auditors to evaluate larger data sets more efficiently, leading to more reliable conclusions.
– Substantive Procedures: ADA can streamline substantive testing by providing deeper insights into revenue streams and highlighting areas needing closer scrutiny.
Recommended Framework for Sampling and Testing Key Transactions
Framework Overview
1. Stratified Random Sampling:
– Segment transactions into strata based on characteristics such as transaction size or type (e.g., large sales vs. small sales) before randomly selecting transactions from each stratum.
Rationale: Stratified random sampling ensures that different segments of transactions are represented, increasing the reliability of findings while allowing for focused testing on higher-risk areas.
2. Attribute Sampling:
– Use attribute sampling to test specific controls within transactions (e.g., compliance with segregation of duties or authorization requirements).
Rationale: Attribute sampling allows auditors to make inferences about the effectiveness of specific controls based on the percentage of transactions that comply with established criteria.
Conclusion
In conclusion, gaining an understanding of a company’s internal control system is essential for effective auditing. By applying comprehensive assessment methods, identifying key controls, leveraging ADA, and employing robust sampling frameworks, auditors can gain valuable insights into the efficacy of internal controls related to revenue processes. This structured approach not only enhances risk management but also supports informed decision-making in the pursuit of reliable financial reporting.
