Write a report, which includes a cover and references page, to address the following:
Explain how wireless devices make use of channel access methods, such as CSMA/CA, to prevent collisions.
Discuss the use of CSMA/CA in traditional ethernet-based networks and compare CSMA/CD to CSMA/CA.
Describe the basic WAN connections and design.
Assess at least three different configurations of your choice for establishing internet connectivity (for example, ISP, home users, service companies).
Your document should be 4–5 pages long (not including the list of works cited), but it is the quality of the work that is important, not the number of pages. Cite and reference all sources using APA format and style guidelines and submit in a single document.
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
Wireless Channel Access Methods: Preventing Collisions
Introduction
Wireless devices rely on channel access methods to efficiently utilize the shared medium and prevent collisions. One such method is Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). In this report, we will explore how wireless devices employ CSMA/CA to mitigate collisions, compare it with CSMA/CD used in traditional ethernet-based networks, explain basic WAN connections and design, and assess three different configurations for establishing internet connectivity.
Channel Access Methods in Wireless Devices
Wireless devices, such as smartphones, laptops, and IoT devices, communicate over shared wireless channels. To prevent collisions and ensure efficient utilization of the medium, they employ channel access methods like CSMA/CA. CSMA/CA operates in the following manner:
Carrier Sense: Before transmitting data, a wireless device listens to the channel to check if it is idle. If the channel is busy, the device waits until it becomes free.
Collision Avoidance: Once the channel is determined to be available, the device initiates a random backoff timer. This randomization reduces the likelihood of simultaneous transmission attempts by multiple devices, thus avoiding collisions.
Transmission: After the backoff timer expires, the device can transmit its data. It continues to monitor the channel during transmission and suspends transmission if it detects activity from another device.
By employing CSMA/CA, wireless devices reduce the chances of collisions and maximize the efficiency of the shared wireless medium.
CSMA/CA in Ethernet-Based Networks
Ethernet-based networks traditionally utilize Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). Let’s compare CSMA/CD with CSMA/CA:
Collision Detection: In CSMA/CD, devices listen to the channel while transmitting data. If a collision is detected (i.e., two devices transmit simultaneously), both devices stop transmitting and enter a backoff period. However, in wireless networks where simultaneous listening and transmission are not possible, collision detection is not reliable. Hence, CSMA/CA focuses on collision avoidance instead.
Backoff Mechanism: Both CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA incorporate a backoff mechanism after a collision or during idle periods. However, in CSMA/CA, the backoff time is randomized to minimize the probability of simultaneous transmissions and collisions.
Channel Utilization: CSMA/CA achieves higher channel utilization in wireless networks compared to CSMA/CD in wired networks. This is because wireless devices cannot simultaneously transmit and listen to the channel due to physical limitations.
CSMA/CA ensures efficient channel access in wireless networks by emphasizing collision avoidance over collision detection.
Basic WAN Connections and Design
Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect geographically dispersed networks, enabling communication between remote locations. The design of WANs involves various components:
Routers: Routers play a crucial role in WAN connectivity by forwarding data packets between different networks. They analyze the destination IP address and determine the optimal path for packet delivery.
Switches: Switches facilitate interconnection between devices within a local network and help establish connections to routers for WAN connectivity.
Transmission Media: WANs can utilize various transmission media such as leased lines, fiber optics, microwave links, or satellite connections based on factors like cost, bandwidth requirements, and geographical constraints.
Protocols: WANs rely on protocols such as TCP/IP, MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching), and Frame Relay for efficient data transmission across networks.
The design of WANs depends on factors like network size, available budget, required bandwidth, and geographical dispersion of locations.
Configurations for Internet Connectivity
Establishing internet connectivity requires different configurations based on user requirements and network infrastructure. Let’s assess three common configurations:
ISP Connection: Home users often connect to the internet through Internet Service Providers (ISPs). ISPs provide internet connectivity via technologies like DSL, cable modem, or fiber-optic connections. The user’s modem/router connects to the ISP’s network infrastructure, allowing access to the internet.
Home Network: In a home network configuration, multiple devices within a household connect to a central router that provides internet connectivity. The router either connects directly to an ISP or acts as a gateway to a larger network infrastructure within the premises.
Service Company Network: Service companies require reliable internet connectivity for their operations. They often establish dedicated connections like T1 lines or Ethernet leased lines to ensure high-speed and stable connectivity. These connections are provided by telecommunication service providers.
Each configuration has its advantages and considerations based on factors like scalability, reliability, bandwidth requirements, and budget.
Conclusion
Wireless devices utilize channel access methods like CSMA/CA to prevent collisions and efficiently utilize shared wireless channels. CSMA/CA differs from CSMA/CD used in traditional ethernet-based networks by prioritizing collision avoidance over detection. WAN connections involve routers, switches, transmission media, and protocols to enable geographically dispersed network connectivity. Finally, different configurations like ISP connections, home networks, and service company networks cater to diverse internet connectivity requirements. By understanding these concepts, we can appreciate the complexities involved in wireless communication and network design.
References
Tanenbaum, A., Wetherall, D., & Gopalakrishnan, V. (2011). Computer networks. Pearson.
Kurose, J. F., & Ross, K. W. (2017). Computer networking: A top-down approach. Pearson Education.
Cisco Systems Inc. (n.d.). Wide Area Networks (WAN) Technologies Overview. Retrieved from https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/collateral/routers/wide-area-services-wa-software/data_sheet78-660091.html
