Mood disorder Suicide Anxiety and disorders

by | Jan 12, 2025 | biology

Define the following terms, include academic references, and use APA format.

· Mood disorder

· Suicide

· Anxiety disorders

· Depressive disorders

· Bipolar Disorder

· Biological Theory.

· Supernatural theory

· Psychological theory

· Sociocultural theory

· DSM-V (5) -TR

· Obsessive-compulsive disorders

· Personality disorders

Contribute a minimum of 2 pages. It should include at least two academic sources, formatted and cited in APA.

 

 

Sample solution

Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell. 

In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.


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God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.

Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.

To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.

 

References

Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.

Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.

Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.

This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional.

1. Mood Disorder

  • Definition: Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are mental health conditions that primarily affect a person’s emotional state. They involve significant disturbances in mood, such as prolonged periods of sadness, elation, or irritability.  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Persistent and intense emotions: These emotions go beyond normal fluctuations in mood and significantly impact daily functioning.  
    • Impact on daily life: Mood disorders can interfere with work, relationships, and overall quality of life.  
    • Various types: This category encompasses a range of conditions, including depressive disorders and bipolar disorders

This is for informational purposes only. For medical advice or diagnosis, consult a professional.

1. Mood Disorder

  • Definition: Mood disorders, also known as affective disorders, are mental health conditions that primarily affect a person’s emotional state. They involve significant disturbances in mood, such as prolonged periods of sadness, elation, or irritability.  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Persistent and intense emotions: These emotions go beyond normal fluctuations in mood and significantly impact daily functioning.  
    • Impact on daily life: Mood disorders can interfere with work, relationships, and overall quality of life.  
    • Various types: This category encompasses a range of conditions, including depressive disorders and bipolar disorders

2. Suicide

  • Definition: Suicide is the intentional act of taking one’s own life. It is a complex and serious public health issue with multifaceted causes.  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Complex etiology: Suicide is often a result of multiple factors, including mental health conditions, substance abuse, social isolation, and stressful life events.
    • Risk factors: Identifying and addressing risk factors is crucial in suicide prevention efforts.  
    • Tragic consequences: Suicide has devastating consequences for individuals, families, and communities.  

3. Anxiety Disorders

  • Definition: Anxiety disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by excessive and persistent fear, worry, and anxiety. These feelings can interfere with daily life and cause significant distress.  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Excessive and persistent worry: This worry is often disproportionate to the actual threat and can be difficult to control.  
    • Physical symptoms: Anxiety can manifest physically through symptoms like rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and difficulty breathing.  
    • Diverse subtypes: Anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.  

4. Depressive Disorders

  • Definition: Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by persistent sadness, low mood, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyed.  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Persistent sadness: This can range from mild to severe and can significantly impact daily functioning.  
    • Loss of interest: Individuals may experience a loss of interest or pleasure in activities they previously enjoyed.  
    • Other symptoms: Other common symptoms include fatigue, changes in appetite or sleep, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt.  

5. Bipolar Disorder

  • Definition: Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. Individuals with bipolar disorder experience alternating periods of mania (elevated mood) and depression.  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Manic episodes: During manic episodes, individuals may experience euphoria, increased energy, racing thoughts, and impulsive behavior.  
    • Depressive episodes: Depressive episodes involve persistent sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.  
    • Varied presentations: Bipolar disorder can manifest in different ways, with varying degrees of severity and frequency of episodes.  

6. Biological Theory

  • Definition: Biological theories of mental illness emphasize the role of biological factors, such as genetics, neurotransmitters, and brain structure, in the development and manifestation of mental disorders.  
  • Key Concepts:
    • Genetics: Family and twin studies have shown that certain mental illnesses, such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, have a genetic component.  
    • Neurotransmitters: Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are implicated in various mental health conditions.  
    • Brain structure and function: Abnormalities in brain structure and function, such as reduced brain volume or altered neural pathways, may contribute to the development of mental disorders.  

7. Supernatural Theory

  • Definition: Supernatural theories attribute mental illness to supernatural forces, such as possession by demons, curses, or divine punishment.  
  • Historical Context: These theories were prevalent in earlier times and often led to stigmatization and mistreatment of individuals with mental illness.  
  • Current Relevance: While largely discredited in modern medicine, some cultural beliefs may still incorporate supernatural explanations for mental illness.  

8. Psychological Theory

  • Definition: Psychological theories focus on psychological factors, such as thoughts, beliefs, emotions, and behaviors, as contributing factors to the development and maintenance of mental illness.
  • Key Concepts:
    • Psychodynamic theory: This perspective emphasizes unconscious conflicts and early childhood experiences as contributing factors to mental illness.
    • Cognitive-behavioral theory: This approach focuses on the role of thoughts, beliefs, and behaviors in maintaining mental health problems.
    • Humanistic theory: This perspective emphasizes the importance of self-actualization and the role of personal growth in mental well-being.

9. Sociocultural Theory

  • Definition: Sociocultural theories emphasize the role of social and cultural factors, such as poverty, discrimination, trauma, and social isolation, in the development and manifestation of mental illness.  
  • Key Concepts:
    • Social inequality: Poverty, discrimination, and social exclusion can increase the risk of mental health problems.  
    • Trauma: Traumatic experiences, such as abuse, violence, and natural disasters, can have a significant impact on mental health.  
    • Cultural factors: Cultural beliefs and attitudes towards mental illness can influence help-seeking behavior and treatment outcomes.  

10. DSM-5-TR

  • Definition: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) is a widely used classification system for mental disorders.  
  • Purpose: It provides a standardized set of criteria for diagnosing mental health conditions, which aids in communication and treatment planning among mental health professionals.  
  • Key Features:
    • Diagnostic criteria: The DSM-5-TR provides specific diagnostic criteria for each mental disorder, including symptoms, duration, and severity.  
    • Categorical approach: It uses a categorical approach to diagnosis, meaning individuals either meet the criteria for a disorder or they do not.

11. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders

  • Definition: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Obsessions: These are persistent, unwanted, and intrusive thoughts, images, or urges that cause significant distress.  
    • Compulsions: These are repetitive behaviors or mental acts that individuals feel driven to perform in response to obsessions.  
    • Impact on daily life: OCD can significantly interfere with daily activities, relationships, and overall quality of life.  

12. Personality Disorders

  • Definition: Personality disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that deviate significantly from cultural norms.  
  • Key Characteristics:
    • Enduring patterns: These patterns are inflexible and pervasive across various situations.
    • Impaired functioning: Personality disorders can significantly impair social, occupational, and interpersonal functioning.  
    • Diverse subtypes: There are ten different personality disorders recognized in the DSM-5-TR, including borderline personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and antisocial personality disorder.  

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text revision). American Psychiatric Association.  

  • Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2019). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach (7th ed.). Cengage Learning

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