Research and compare John Dunning’s eclectic framework and Mathew’s LLL model as explanations of the internationalization of firms from emerging markets. Do they offer competing or complementary explanations? (initial introduction to the topic from Chapter 2)
Sample solution
Dante Alighieri played a critical role in the literature world through his poem Divine Comedy that was written in the 14th century. The poem contains Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso. The Inferno is a description of the nine circles of torment that are found on the earth. It depicts the realms of the people that have gone against the spiritual values and who, instead, have chosen bestial appetite, violence, or fraud and malice. The nine circles of hell are limbo, lust, gluttony, greed and wrath. Others are heresy, violence, fraud, and treachery. The purpose of this paper is to examine the Dante’s Inferno in the perspective of its portrayal of God’s image and the justification of hell.
In this epic poem, God is portrayed as a super being guilty of multiple weaknesses including being egotistic, unjust, and hypocritical. Dante, in this poem, depicts God as being more human than divine by challenging God’s omnipotence. Additionally, the manner in which Dante describes Hell is in full contradiction to the morals of God as written in the Bible. When god arranges Hell to flatter Himself, He commits egotism, a sin that is common among human beings (Cheney, 2016). The weakness is depicted in Limbo and on the Gate of Hell where, for instance, God sends those who do not worship Him to Hell. This implies that failure to worship Him is a sin.
God is also depicted as lacking justice in His actions thus removing the godly image. The injustice is portrayed by the manner in which the sodomites and opportunists are treated. The opportunists are subjected to banner chasing in their lives after death followed by being stung by insects and maggots. They are known to having done neither good nor bad during their lifetimes and, therefore, justice could have demanded that they be granted a neutral punishment having lived a neutral life. The sodomites are also punished unfairly by God when Brunetto Lattini is condemned to hell despite being a good leader (Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). While he commited sodomy, God chooses to ignore all the other good deeds that Brunetto did.
Finally, God is also portrayed as being hypocritical in His actions, a sin that further diminishes His godliness and makes Him more human. A case in point is when God condemns the sin of egotism and goes ahead to commit it repeatedly. Proverbs 29:23 states that “arrogance will bring your downfall, but if you are humble, you will be respected.” When Slattery condemns Dante’s human state as being weak, doubtful, and limited, he is proving God’s hypocrisy because He is also human (Verdicchio, 2015). The actions of God in Hell as portrayed by Dante are inconsistent with the Biblical literature. Both Dante and God are prone to making mistakes, something common among human beings thus making God more human.
To wrap it up, Dante portrays God is more human since He commits the same sins that humans commit: egotism, hypocrisy, and injustice. Hell is justified as being a destination for victims of the mistakes committed by God. The Hell is presented as being a totally different place as compared to what is written about it in the Bible. As a result, reading through the text gives an image of God who is prone to the very mistakes common to humans thus ripping Him off His lofty status of divine and, instead, making Him a mere human. Whether or not Dante did it intentionally is subject to debate but one thing is clear in the poem: the misconstrued notion of God is revealed to future generations.
References
Babor, T. F., McGovern, T., & Robaina, K. (2017). Dante’s inferno: Seven deadly sins in scientific publishing and how to avoid them. Addiction Science: A Guide for the Perplexed, 267.
Cheney, L. D. G. (2016). Illustrations for Dante’s Inferno: A Comparative Study of Sandro Botticelli, Giovanni Stradano, and Federico Zuccaro. Cultural and Religious Studies, 4(8), 487.
Verdicchio, M. (2015). Irony and Desire in Dante’s” Inferno” 27. Italica, 285-297.
Sample Answer
Sample Answer
Understanding the Internationalization of Firms from Emerging Markets: A Comparative Analysis of Dunning’s Eclectic Framework and Mathew’s LLL Model
In the realm of international business, the process of firms from emerging markets venturing into the global arena has garnered significant attention. Scholars and practitioners have proposed various theories to explain this phenomenon, with John Dunning’s eclectic framework and Mathew’s LLL model emerging as prominent explanations. This essay seeks to delve into these two perspectives, exploring their key tenets, similarities, and differences to determine whether they offer competing or complementary explanations for the internationalization of firms from emerging markets.
John Dunning’s Eclectic Framework
John Dunning’s eclectic paradigm, also known as the OLI framework, is a seminal theory in international business that seeks to explain why firms choose to engage in foreign direct investment (FDI). The framework posits that three types of advantages – ownership-specific (O), location-specific (L), and internalization-specific (I) – influence a firm’s decision to internationalize.
– Ownership-specific advantages refer to firm-specific assets such as technology, brands, or managerial expertise that give a company a competitive edge in foreign markets.
– Location-specific advantages highlight the importance of accessing resources or markets that are unique to certain locations, driving firms to expand internationally.
– Internalization-specific advantages focus on the benefits of internalizing transactions within the firm rather than relying on external market mechanisms.
Mathew’s LLL Model
On the other hand, Mathew’s LLL model offers a different perspective on the internationalization of firms from emerging markets. The model emphasizes three key factors – Linkage, Leverage, and Learning – that influence a firm’s ability to succeed in international markets.
– Linkage pertains to the firm’s connections with other organizations, institutions, or networks that facilitate its international expansion.
– Leverage involves utilizing resources and capabilities effectively to capitalize on market opportunities and overcome challenges in foreign markets.
– Learning underscores the importance of knowledge acquisition and adaptation as firms venture into new territories, enabling them to improve their competitive position over time.
Competing or Complementary Explanations?
While both Dunning’s eclectic framework and Mathew’s LLL model offer valuable insights into the internationalization of firms from emerging markets, they can be seen as complementary rather than competing explanations. Dunning’s framework focuses on the internal capabilities and external factors that drive firms to internationalize, highlighting the importance of ownership advantages and market considerations. In contrast, Mathew’s LLL model emphasizes the dynamic nature of internationalization, stressing the need for continuous learning and leveraging linkages to succeed in global markets.
By integrating elements of both frameworks, scholars and practitioners can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complex process of internationalization for firms from emerging markets. While Dunning’s eclectic framework provides a solid theoretical foundation for analyzing firm-specific advantages and market conditions, Mathew’s LLL model offers practical insights into the strategic actions that firms can take to navigate the challenges of international expansion.
In conclusion, Dunning’s eclectic framework and Mathew’s LLL model can be viewed as complementary explanations that together offer a holistic perspective on the internationalization of firms from emerging markets. By considering the interplay of ownership advantages, market linkages, resource leverage, and continuous learning, stakeholders can make informed decisions to enhance the global competitiveness of firms from emerging markets.
